热点作用背景下的洋中脊跃迁和扩展作用:印度洋盆地张开过程探讨

在《印度洋底大地构造图》的基础上,分析了印度洋盆构造格局和洋盆演化重大事件序列,并从印度洋盆初始裂解机制、扩张中心跃迁与热点作用、洋中脊扩展作用等方面讨论了印度洋盆的张开过程,提出以下几点认识:(1)现今印度洋洋中脊可分为两个系统:东南印度洋中脊-中印度洋中脊-卡斯伯格洋脊系统(东支)和西南印度洋中脊系统(西支),前者是太平洋洋中脊扩展作用的产物,后者是太平洋-东南印度洋中脊与大西洋中脊之间构造调节的产物;(2)印度洋盆最初裂解受地幔柱垂向挤压-水平伸展作用控制,沿前寒武造山带等地壳薄弱带发育;(3)印度洋盆经历两次扩张中心的跃迁,其趋向性跃迁方向与热点相对板块的运动方向具有一致性,显示两者存在内在联系。(4)大西洋和太平洋洋中脊在印度洋交汇,于古近纪连通,末端伴随陆块持续发生碎裂化、裂解化,可称为鱼尾构造模式,表明印度洋盆衔接和调节了三大洋盆的发育和演化过程,具有全球洋盆枢纽的关键意义。     

两步移动搜寻法及其扩展形式研究进展

两步移动搜寻法是公共服务设施空间可达性研究中的重要方法,在国内外公共服务设施布局研究中得到了广泛应用,且发展出了众多扩展形式。但国内研究中对两步移动搜寻法尤其是其扩展形式的应用还较为有限。本文对两步移动搜寻法的主要扩展形式进行系统梳理和总结,将国内外研究中提出的两步移动搜寻法扩展形式归纳为基于引入距离衰减函数的扩展、对搜寻半径的扩展、针对需求或供给竞争的扩展以及基于出行方式的扩展4类,并分析了各种扩展形式的优缺点、适用情景以及未来可能改进方向。旨在为相关研究的方法选择提供参考,促进两步移动搜寻法及其扩展形式在国内相关领域的应用和发展。     

基于地理国情普查数据的泸州市空间扩展监测

基于2014年地理国情普查数据和历史遥感影像,对2010~2014年泸州城市空间扩展进行监测与分析。结果表明,泸州市中心城区由2010年的68.86 km2扩展到2014年的88.51 km2,年均扩展速度为7.31%;中心城区几何重心整体约向北偏西移动0.24 km,扩展模式总体上属于填充型,土地来源以人工堆掘地为主;中心城区紧凑度相对提高约20%,城市几何形状越来越规整;城市用地增长弹性系数为1.16、人口-城市扩展指数为1.31,表明中心城区土地城镇化快于人口城镇化。泸州市在今后的城镇化过程中,应加强空间管制、促进土地集约利用。     

亚洲最大铅锌矿——三阶段叠加成矿的金顶巨型铅锌矿床

云南兰坪金顶铅锌矿,作为亚洲最大的铅锌矿床,是三阶段成矿作用叠加的产物:第一阶段,是位于T1双峰式火山岩组合之上的三叠纪三合洞组时期(T3s)碳酸盐岩中的海相热水沉积型(M-SEDEX-type)闪锌矿-方铅矿±天青石±菱铁矿矿床组合,分布于兰坪盆地西侧。第二阶段,晚白垩世-古新世陆相湖盆中的热水沉积型(C-SEDEX type)矿床,是晚白垩世至古新世时期(~110Ma,~65Ma),挤压形成的高山应力转向伸展而形成的深的断陷湖盆("高山深盆")中,沿同生断裂(沘江断裂)喷流形成块状硫化物堆积于陆相红色砂岩盆地中形成的矿床,湖盆中靠沘江断裂一侧,大小不等灰岩角砾堆积于山麓,向西砾径逐渐变小,数量减少,直至湖盆西侧灰岩角砾消失变为正常湖相红色砂岩沉积;并且湖盆中的硫化物沉积出现温度控制的分带现象,北东侧架崖山、北厂一带以细粒闪锌矿为主,南西侧南厂、白草坪一带以细粒方铅矿为主。第三阶段,新近纪时期中-低温热液成矿作用。受到青藏高原东端逃逸挤压,兰坪盆地东侧中生代地层大规模向西逆冲推覆,甚至推覆体该在金顶湖盆上形成穹隆,将先前形成的金顶陆相湖盆中的铅锌矿封盖起来;同时,将三合洞组灰岩中M-SEDEX型层控铅锌矿±天青石矿层倒转推挤之穹隆北东侧的跑马坪一带;在中-上新世时期出现挤压后的伸展转换,伴随伸展盆地的形成和深部热液的上涌(在东侧维西-通甸断裂内甚至拉出大量的粗面质火山岩+碱性玄武质火山岩),再次沿沘江断裂上升的深部热液沿次级断裂、裂隙输送至矿质丰富的穹隆内,含矿热卤水使众多的灰岩角砾遭受氧化卤水交代,在角砾边部形成石膏-硫化物壳层,同时,铅锌组分活化迁移至逆冲推覆岩片中高孔隙度的景星组(K1j)砂岩中大量聚集,形成浅成低温热液型(Epithermal-type)的砂岩容矿的铅锌矿。其结果,导致金顶穹隆有限的空间内,形成"三世同堂"的奇异景观,但各个世代的铅锌矿和硫酸盐具有不同的硫同位素特征,三合洞组时期的M-SEDEX型铅锌-天青石矿,δ34S值在+7.9‰~+21.12‰,显示出硫主要来自于海水硫酸盐的特征;晚白垩世-古新世时期的CSEDEX型含灰岩角砾的细粒铅锌矿的δ34S值在-54.9‰~-1.0‰,显示出很大的变化范围,主要为负值,生物作用参与的特征明显;新近纪砂岩容矿的铅锌矿δ34S值在-2.2‰~+3.5‰,显示出深源硫为主的特征。这正是亚洲最大铅锌矿床形成的秘籍所在——特殊构造演化下的多期叠加成矿作用使矿质在有限空间内聚集。     

内蒙古大座子山铜多金属矿火山岩地球化学、Sr-Nd同位素特征及地质意义

文章系首次报道大座子山铜多金属矿火山岩特征。矿区位于华北地台北缘,西拉木伦河深大断裂和少郎河深大断裂之间,矿区流纹岩、粗面岩与成矿密切相关。流纹岩Si O2含量74.93%~76.36%,Al2O3含量11.22%~11.70%,较为富碱,K2O/Na2O为1.29~1.54;粗面岩Si O2含量65.52%~68.04%,Al2O3含量15.05%~16.38%,富碱,K2O/Na2O为0.85~1.64。两种岩石均属于准铝-弱过铝系列。流纹岩属高钾钙碱性系列;粗面岩属高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列。两种火山岩稀土配分整体呈右倾趋势,流纹岩强烈Eu负异常,粗面岩Eu呈弱正异常特征。除Ba、Sr、Ti等明显低于粗面岩外,流纹岩其他微量元素含量均与粗面岩相当,呈富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)特征。两种岩石具有类似的(87Sr/86Sr)i和(143Nd/144Nd)i初始比值,分别介于0.7046~0.7063和0.5119~0.5122(t=155 Ma),εNd(t)为-4.24~-10.37,同为存留于中元古界下地壳的斜长角闪岩类经重熔作用而形成。大座子山流纹岩、粗面岩形成的构造环境是造山期后伸展条件的板内环境,即在晚侏罗世(150~160 Ma)受到了蒙古—鄂霍次克海"剪刀式"闭合造山后的伸展条件和岩石圈减薄作用的影响,由存留于中元古界下地壳的斜长角闪岩类熔融而形成的一套高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列的火山岩。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗东苏A型花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

位于苏尼特左旗东部的东苏二长花岗岩是索伦缝合带重要组成部分,具有高硅(SiO_2=69.76%~75.58%)、高碱且相对富钾(K2O+Na2O=6.99%~9.16%,K2O/Na2O=0.70~1.69)、相对富铝(铝饱和指数A/CNK=1.04~1.13)、高TFeO/MgO值(3.43~11.26)、贫镁(MgO=0.08%~0.50%)的特征;微量元素地球化学性质表现出相对富集轻稀土,Ba、Sr、Nb、Eu强烈负异常,Rb、Th、Ta等不相容元素富集的特征。主量和微量元素均表现出铝质A型花岗岩的特征。采用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法获得206Pb/238U值的加权平均年龄为221.5±0.81 Ma(MSDN值为0.57),表明该岩体为晚三叠世岩浆活动的产物。结合区域地质资料及地球化学信息可以判断该东苏花岗岩为后造山伸展阶段长英质地壳物质(变杂砂岩)部分熔融的产物。它的出现,标志着古亚洲洋演化的结束,索伦缝合带在晚三叠世的碰撞已达末期。     

大别山高压-超高压变质期后伸展构造格局

大别山高压、超高压变质期后构造格架的最显著特征是以罗田片麻岩穹隆为核部的多层伸展拆离滑脱带的发育,并由它们将超高压变质单元、高压变质单元和蓝闪－绿片岩单元分隔成垂向叠置的席状岩片,类似于变质核杂岩的基本结构样式。这种伸展构造格架制约了高压、超高压岩石的展布,而在较大榴辉岩体中保存的缩短或挤压组构则是以高压、超高压变质作用为标志的陆－陆碰撞事件的记录。正确地区分挤压组构与伸展组构是识别大别山带内高压     

Origin and significance of the Permian high-K calc-alkaline magmatism in the central-eastern Southern Alps, Italy

The Atesina Volcanic District, the Monte Luco volcanics, and the Cima d'Asta, Bressanone-Chiusa, Ivigna, Monte Croce and Monte Sabion intrusions, in the central-eastern Southern Alps, form a wide calc-alkaline association of Permian age (ca. 280–260 Ma). The magmatism originated during a period of post-orogenic extensional/transtensional faulting which controlled the magma ascent and emplacement. The magmatic products are represented by a continuum spectrum of rock types ranging from basaltic andesites to rhyolites, and from gabbros to monzogranites, with preponderance of the acidic terms. They constitute a metaluminous to weakly peraluminous series showing mineralogical, petrographic and chemical characteristics distinctive of the high-K calc-alkaline suites. In the MORB-normalized trace element diagrams, the most primitive volcanic and plutonic rocks (basaltic andesites and gabbros with Mg No.=66 to 70; Ni=25 to 83 ppm; Cr=248 to 679 ppm) show LILE and LREE enriched patterns with troughs at Nb–Ta and Ti, a distinctive feature of subduction-related magmas. Field, petrographic, geochemical and isotopic evidence (initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios from 0.7057 to 0.7114; ε_Nd values from −2.7 to −7.4; ∂¹⁸O values between 7.6 and 9.5‰) support a hybrid nature for both volcanic and plutonic rocks, originating through complex interactions between mantle-derived magmas and crustal materials. Only the scanty andalusite–cordierite and orthopyroxene–cordierite bearing peraluminous granites in the Cima d'Asta and Bressanone-Chiusa intrusive complexes can be interpreted as purely crustal melts (initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.7143–0.7167; initial ε_Nd values between −7.9 and −9.6, close to average composition of the granulitic metasedimentary crust from the Ivrea Zone in the western Southern Alps). Although the Permian magmatism shows geochemical characteristics similar to those of arc-related suites, palaeogeographic restorations, and geological and tectonic evidence, seem not to support any spatial and/or temporal connection with subduction processes. The magmatism is post-collisional and post-orogenic, and originated in a regime of lithospheric extension and attenuation affecting the whole domain of the European Hercynian belt. A change in the convergence direction between Gondwana and Laurasia, combined with the effects of gravitational collapse of the Hercynian chain, could have been the driving mechanism for lithosphere extension and thinning, as well as for upwelling of hot asthenosphere that caused thermal perturbation and magma generation. In the above context, the calc-alkaline affinity and the orogenic-like signature of the Permian magmatism might result from extensive contamination of basaltic magmas, likely derived from enriched lithospheric mantle source(s), with felsic crustal melts.     

On The Determination Of The Earth's Model – The Mean Equipotential Surface

The sea surface cannot be used as reference for Major Vertical Datum definition because its deviations from the ideal equipotential surface are very large compared to rms in the observed quantities. The quasigeoid is not quite suitable as the surface representing the most accurate Earth's model without some additional conditions, because it depends on the reference field. The normal Earth's model represented by the rotational level ellipsoid can be defined by the geocentric gravitational constant, the difference in the principal Earth's inertia moments, by the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation and by the semimajor axis or by the potential (U ₀ ) on the surface of the level ellipsoid. After determining the geopotential at the gauge stations defining Vertical Datums, gravity anomalies and heights should be transformed into the unique vertical system (Major Vertical Datum). This makes it possible to apply Brovar's (1995) idea of determining the reference ellipsoid by minimizing the integral, introduced by Riemann as the Dirichlet principle, to reach a minimum rms anomalous gravity field. Since the semimajor axis depends on tidal effects, potential U ₀ should be adopted as the fourth primary fundamental geodetic constant. The equipotential surface, the actual geopotential of which is equal to U ₀ , can be adopted as reference for realizing the Major Vertical Datum.