基于可拓工程方法的生态地理区域系统界线划分研究—以中温带半湿润、半干旱

利用可拓工程方法中的物元模型对生态地理区域系统的界线问题进行了研究，通过选取样本和指标对单指标关联函数和多指标综合关联函数进行了定量计算。在此基础上，通过专家集成确定了中国中温带半湿润、半干旱区之间的界线，弥补了单指标和定性划分的不足，有助于中国生态地理区域系统的构建。     

Exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks during crustal extension in the D'Entrecasteaux region, Papua New Guinea

Abstract The D'Entrecasteaux Islands of eastern Papua New Guinea consist of a number of active metamorphic core complexes formed under an extensional tectonic setting related to sea-floor spreading in the west Woodlark Basin. The complexes are defined by mountainous domes (>2500 m high) of fault-bounded, high-grade metamorphic rocks (including eclogite facies) intruded by 2–4-Ma granodiorite plutons. Garnet–clinopyroxene exchange thermometers indicate that the temperature of equilibration of the eclogites was 730–900° C. The jadeite component of omphacite indicates minimum pressure of 21 kbar, suggesting depths of >70 km. The metamorphic rocks have undergone widespread retrogression to amphibolite facies. Retrogression of the metamorphic basement is associated with shearing and formation of the metamorphic core complexes. P–T conditions in the early stages of shear zone activity, determined using the garnet–biotite exchange thermometer and the GASP and GRIPS barometers, were 570–730° C and 7–11 kbar. A second phase of re-equilibration at much lower pressures appears to be related to the widespread intrusion of granodiorite plutons. One re-equilibrated gneiss indicated maximum temperature of 730° C at estimated pressures of approximately 4 kbar. This late, high-temperature metamorphism is also indicated by reactions involving the production of hercynite and corundum in aluminous gneisses and formation of sillimanite at the expense of kyanite. Two major episodes of granodiorite intrusion occurred during uplift and exhumation of the core complexes. Both closely coincide spatially with high-temperature metamorphic rocks, the onset of deformation in extensional shear zones and subsequent uplift of the metamorphic basement. These observations indicate a fundamental link between uplift and granodiorite intrusion during continental extension and the formation of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands metamorphic core complexes.     

利用多平台遥感数据复合研究城市扩展的动态监测

本文利用不同时期的多平台遥感数据,研究了城市动态扩展的监测方法。文中采用了分类结果复合方法,在高速发展的岳阳地区的试验中,取得了良好的效果。在遥感图像的城市信息提取方面,设计了多个不同大小的权系数模板,提取相应的频数矢量作为城市的结构信息。利用这种结构信息,对城市图像进行逐步的结构处理,最终精度在91.7％以上。试验表明,本方法不仅对于一个实用的动态监测系统是一种灵活、实用性较强的监测方法,而且是解决充分利用已有遥感信息资源的有效手段。     

平面坡体渐进破坏模型及其应用

平面坡体渐进破坏模型旨在通过在坡体稳定性分析中引进渐进坡坏的概念,来较合理地考虑岩土材料的峰值强度和残余强度在稳定性分析中的不同作用。通过与其它稳定性分析方法进行比较以及实例应用研究,证明该计算模型可用于初步判断坡体稳定状态并估算其破坏变形范围。这一研究也说明了水对边坡破坏的重要作用。     

胶东型金矿床控矿构造及成矿模式

胶东型金矿床受断裂构造控制，断裂控矿规律一直是地质勘查和研究的重点问题。为深入研究断裂对金成矿的控制作用，本文基于大量矿床勘查和地质调查资料，通过对典型断裂剖面和断裂与矿体空间关系的构造解析，判断了成矿期断裂的性质和应力状态，讨论了断裂产状变化的控矿机理，提出了胶东型金矿新的构造成矿模式。将胶东主要控矿断裂分为Ⅰ级缓倾角断裂、Ⅱ级陡倾角断裂和Ⅲ级陡倾角张裂脉，三者分别控制了破碎带蚀变岩型、复合类型和石英脉型金矿床。金矿体主要赋存于断裂产状转折部位，蚀变岩型矿体赋存于断裂的倾角变缓部位，石英脉型矿体赋存于断裂倾角变陡部位。缓倾角断裂控制的矿体具有总体侧伏角小、富矿柱侧伏角大的“双向”侧伏特征。矿体产状与断裂产状的关系指示，三山岛、焦家和招平三条控矿断裂成矿期均属右行正滑或右行张扭性，金牛山断裂具有左行正滑特征。根据金矿体产状分析的胶西北金成矿小区区域构造应力场σ1为294°∠82°和269°∠78°，焦家断裂的σ1为300°∠67°、311°∠78°和321°∠81°，招平断裂北段σ1为130°∠65°和138°∠69°，反映了胶西北玲珑花岗岩体分布区域总体以垂向主压应力为主，其东、西两侧的边界断裂处的主压应力方位分别沿SE向和NW向指向岩体，成矿期断裂处于NW—SE向拉张状态。胶东东部邓格庄金矿田的σ1为287°∠0°，以水平主压应力为主。综合分析认为，产状变化的具张扭性质的断裂是金的有利赋矿构造，断裂的产状变化对金矿体具有明显的控制作用，断裂结构和流体性状的变化是金矿阶梯成矿的关键因素，断裂沿走向和倾向的产状转折联合控制了金矿体的侧伏。胶东地区早白垩世深部大量岩浆岩快速侵位，导致地壳强烈隆升产生伸展构造，来自不同深度和层次岩浆房及不同源区的岩浆梯次上侵，为深部含金流体活化、迁移提供了热动力条件和流动通道，含金流体到达地壳浅部在断裂产状变化的减压扩容空间卸载成矿。     

Spatial and temporal variations in the compositions of Upper Miocene to Recent basic lavas in the northern main Ethiopian rift: Implications for the causes of Cenozoic magmatism in Ethiopia

The rate of lithospheric extension has previously been suggested as the most important factor governing the compositions of magmas generated in the Cenozoic Ethiopian volcanic province (CEVP). However, the distribution and chemistry of volcanic rocks extending from the western plateau margin at Addis Ababa to the rift floor in Nazret, northern sector of the main Ethiopian rift (MER), suggest that transitional magmatism in the region may have been triggered by an increase in the amount of lithospheric extension in the Early Pliocene. The rocks occur across an area of variable crustal thickness and show a general age progression from Upper Miocene (≤9 Ma) to Recent toward the rift. Alkalic basalts are extensive in the western part of the rift and along its margin but are found only locally within the rift, whereas transitional basalts are found within the rift only. Both types of basalts appear to have been derived from a common mantle source. In contrast, alkalic and transitional basalts on the Ethiopian plateau are mutually exclusive in terms of their spatial distribution, but exhibit a compositional contiguity which suggests that transitional magmas on the plateau formed at the expense of alkalic magmas, i.e. by equilibration of alkalic magmas at relatively shallow depth. The alkalic basalts bear clear record of a decrease in the degree of partial melting with time, suggesting that magmatism on the plateau was possibly triggered by a transient thermal anomaly.     

地面网与GPS网二维坐标的平差连接

针对测量生产中地面网与ＧＰＳ网不衔接的问题，讨论了地面网与ＧＰＳ网采用里查德法和周江文法进行平差连接，从而使地面网与ＧＰＳ网连接成一个较合理的体系，并对地面网与ＧＰＳ网连接后的变形情况进行了分析，指出周江文模型对地面网与ＧＰＳ网平差连接更适用。     

东亚大陆伸展和裂谷作用与动力学

大陆岩石圈的伸展作用是块体分裂，大陆解体和漂移过程中必需的第一步，而伸展作用的模式则取决于驱动力系和大陆岩石圈的反响。所以不同类型裂谷的形成与地球深部地壳与地幔结构，深层过程及其力学机制密切相关。这是回答控制大陆生长与为什么会开裂的关键所在。本文在研究了系列裂谷构造的基点上，阐述了大陆裂谷的特点，地壳与地幔构造背景和地球物理场特征。论述了裂谷形成和其分类，讨论了我国攀西裂谷和莱茵地堑的深层过程。由     

碰撞后的造山过程及造山带巨量花岗岩的成因

传统上认为造山作用是板块碰撞的结果，即近水平碰撞挤压引起物质的垂向加厚。事实上，许多山脉却是碰撞后“造山”隆升的。