A Quaternion-based Geodetic Datum Transformation Algorithm

This paper briefly introduces quaternions to represent rotation parameters and then derives the formulae to compute quaternion, translation and scale parameters in the Bursa–Wolf geodetic datum transformation model from two sets of co-located 3D coordinates. The main advantage of this representation is that linearization and iteration are not needed for the computation of the datum transformation parameters. We further extend the formulae to compute quaternion-based datum transformation parameters under constraints such as the distance between two fixed stations, and develop the corresponding iteration algorithm. Finally, two numerical case studies are presented to demonstrate the applications of the derived formulae.     

Modelling the extension of heterogeneous hot lithosphere

The consequences of weak heterogeneities in the extension of soft and hot lithosphere without significant previous crustal thickening has been analysed in a series of centrifuge models. The experiments examined the effects of i) the location of heterogeneities in the ductile crust and/or in the lithospheric mantle, and ii) their orientation, perpendicular or oblique to the direction of bulk extension. The observed deformation patterns are all relevant to the so-called “wide rifting” mode of extension. Weak zones located in the ductile crust exert a more pronounced influence on localisation of deformation in the brittle layer than those located in the lithospheric mantle: the former localise faulting in the brittle crust whereas the latter tend to distribute faulting over a wider area. This latter behaviour depends in turn upon the decoupling provided by the ductile crust. Localised thinning in the brittle crust is accompanied by ductile doming of both crust and mantle. Domains of maximum thinning in the brittle crust and ductile crust and mantle are in opposition. Lateral differences in brittle crust thinning are accommodated by lateral flow in the ductile crust and mantle. This contrasts with “cold and strong” lithospheres whose high strength sub-Moho mantle triggers a necking instability at the lithosphere-scale. This also differs from the extension of thickened hot and soft lithospheres whose ductile crust is thick enough to give birth to metamorphic core complexes. Thus, for the given lithospheric rheology, the models have relevance to backarc type extensional systems, such as the Aegean and the Tyrrhenian domains.     

^40Ar-^39Ar Isotopic Dating of the Xianghualing Sn-polymetallic Orefield in Southern Hunan, China and Its Geological Implications

The Xianghualing Sn-polymetallic orefield in Hunan Province, southern China, is a large-size tin orefield. Although numerous studies have been undertaken on this orefield, its genesis, mineralization age, and tectonic setting are still controversial, mainly because of the lack of reliable geochronological data on tin mineralization. The 40Ar/39Ar stepwise heating dating method was first employed on muscovite from different deposits in this orefield. The muscovite sample from the Xianghualing Sn-polymetallic deposit defines a plateau age of 154.4±1.1 Ma and an isochron age of 151.9±3.0 Ma; muscovite from the Xianghuapu W-polymetallic deposit yields a plateau age of 161.3±1.1 Ma and an isochron age of 160.0±3.2 Ma; muscovite from the Jianfengling greisen-type Sn-polymetallic deposit gives a plateau age of 158.7±1.2 Ma and an isochron age of 160.3±3.2 Ma. The tungsten-tin mineralization ages in the Xianghualing area are therefore restricted within 150-160 Ma. The tungsten -tin mineralization in Xianghualing occurred at the same time as the regional tin-tungsten mineralization including the Furong tin orefield, Shizhuyuan tungsten-tin polymetallic deposit and Yaogangxian tungsten-polymetallic deposit. Thus, the large-scale tungsten-tin metallogenesis in South China occurring at 160-150 Ma. probably is closely related to asthenospheric upwelling and crust-mantle interaction under a geodynamic setting of crustal extension and lithosphere thinning during the transformation of tectonic regimes during the Mid-Late Jurassic.     

贺根山洋闭合与后造山伸展——来自科右中旗构造混杂岩带内晚三叠世花岗岩的证据

内蒙古科尔沁右翼中旗巨日合A2型二长花岗岩位于贺根山缝合带东段,侵位于早石炭世杜尔基构造混杂岩（带）中。笔者等通过对其进行系统的野外地质特征、岩石学、地球化学和锆石U- Pb年代学研究,旨在厘定岩体成因和构造背景,为古亚洲洋分支洋盆—贺根山洋闭合时限提供证据。巨日合二长花岗岩主要由细粒二长花岗岩和中粒二长花岗岩组成。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb测年结果显示巨日合二长花岗岩侵位于晚三叠世（203.7±1.6 Ma）。地球化学研究显示,该岩体高硅（SiO2=71. 08%~76. 62%）、富碱（Na2O+K2O=7. 99%~9. 28%）,贫钙（CaO=0. 25%~1. 67%）和镁（MgO=0. 05%~0. 63%）;负Eu异常显著（δEu=0. 14~0. 50）,Rb、Th、U、K、Ga元素较富集,而Ba、Sr、P、Ti元素相对亏损,且10000Ga/Al（3. 62~4. 90）、TFeO/MgO（3. 40~14. 80）、(Na2O+K2O)/CaO（5. 03~31. 96）值较高,显示出A2型花岗岩特征,代表其形成于后造山伸展拉张环境。同时结合岩浆起源温压条件研究,认为岩体可能为壳源含斜长石的角闪石质岩石在脱水条件下部分熔融及其后的结晶分异作用成因。结合中亚造山带东段早石炭—晚三叠世蛇绿岩、洋内弧和后造山型岩浆岩的时空演化关系,揭示贺根山洋可能在二叠纪末期闭合,并在三叠纪进入后造山伸展拉张阶段。     

浙江景宁岩体岩石地球化学特征与LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 年龄

浙江景宁岩体位于中国东南沿海大陆边缘活动带,受丽水—余姚断裂控制,呈近南北向展布,主要岩石类型为二长花岗岩、花岗岩和闪长岩。对景宁岩体中的二长花岗岩和花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及岩石地球化学分析。研究结果显示,二长花岗岩和花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为121.3±0.3Ma和111.0±0.7Ma。岩体的岩石地球化学成分显示出富硅、富碱、低镁的特征,铝饱和指数介于1.01~1.09之间,分异指数为84.85~96.35,轻重稀土元素分馏显著,具有明显的负Eu异常,属于典型的弱过铝质高分异I型花岗岩。综合年代学和岩石地球化学特征,认为景宁岩体是早白垩世晚期岩石圈大规模伸展构造背景下地壳部分熔融的产物。     

黑龙江完达山地区358高地岩金矿床花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

选取黑龙江省完达山地区358高地与成矿关系密切的花岗斑岩,进行系统的地质、岩相学、元素地球化学及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年研究。结果显示:花岗斑岩具有富硅、钠、钾、铝,贫镁、钙的特征,里特曼指数(σ)为1.12~2.00(σ3.3),A/NK为1.36~2.00,A/CNK为1.11~1.93(A/CNK1.1);富集大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta,严重亏损Sr、P、Ti;轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,具有负Eu异常。这些特征揭示,花岗斑岩是过铝质的S型花岗岩,岩浆来源可能为壳源。LA-ICP-MS锆石定年获得花岗斑岩的成岩年龄为128±1Ma,推断金矿成矿时代应为早白垩世晚期。构造判别图解显示,花岗斑岩具有碰撞后花岗岩的特征,斑岩体的形成很可能与太平洋板块俯冲作用后的伸展体制有密切关系。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗早白垩世宝德尔花岗岩伸展穹隆的确定及其地质意义

内蒙古宝德尔穹隆是发育在苏尼特左旗中蒙边境地区的不对称同构造伸展穹隆。该穹隆由内向外由核部早白垩世花岗岩、边缘韧性剪切带和脆性拆离断层组成,上盘为未变形的早二叠世花岗闪长岩、泥盆系片岩和早白垩世盆地,韧性剪切带和拆离断层仅发育在穹隆西南部。区域构造解析和显微构造分析表明,岩体侵位和韧性剪切带形成于同一构造应力场,指示上盘统一向NW方向剪切,变形程度由未变形的岩体核部向外侧逐渐增强,面理的形成与岩体的侵位和隆升过程密切相关。因此,该穹隆和东北亚其他岩浆穹隆相似,是不对称的花岗岩穹隆,反映了区域伸展拆离环境下侵位的同构造花岗岩穹隆的特点。     

西南极岩浆作用及构造演化

西南极主要由哈格冰原岛峰群、南极半岛、瑟斯顿岛、玛丽·伯德地和埃尔斯沃思-惠特莫尔山脉五个各具特色的地壳块体组成。通过综述上述各块体主要的岩浆事件及其构造意义,旨在了解西南极的地质演化过程。西南极最古老的岩石为哈格冰原岛峰群地块的前寒武纪正片麻岩,时代为1238 Ma,记录了中元古代弧岩浆作用,其余四个地块记录了~500 Ma以来的地质演化过程。古生代时期,埃尔斯沃思-惠特莫尔山脉地块处于快速沉降的陆相断陷盆地环境,岩浆活动稀少,与罗斯造山运动形成的弧后伸展有关;玛丽·伯德地地块中—晚古生代发育一套与板块汇聚有关的岩浆作用,形成于活动大陆边缘环境;而南极半岛-瑟斯顿岛地块记录了石炭纪—二叠纪时期弧的发育。各地块的构造背景从侏罗纪开始明显分化,埃尔斯沃思-惠特莫尔山脉地块记录了侏罗纪板内岩浆作用,可能与大火成岩省有关;玛丽·伯德地地块发育的侏罗纪—早白垩世Ⅰ型弧岩浆岩随时间转变为白垩纪中期的A型碱性岩浆岩,经历了由俯冲向裂解机制的转变;南极半岛-瑟斯顿岛地块侏罗纪—白垩纪为弧岩浆活动活跃期,同时也有大火成岩省火山活动的记录,是持续俯冲和裂解相互作用的产物。新生代岩浆作用以南极半岛地块为代表,弧岩浆作用持续到始新世,其时空分布特征与左行错断扩张脊的分段俯冲和碰撞有关。      

青藏高原近南北向裂谷的时空分布特征及动力学机制

青藏高原南部发育的一系列近南北向裂谷是印度-欧亚大陆持续挤压作用下的大型伸展构造,也是揭示高原后碰撞构造演化过程的重要对象。目前,关于南北向裂谷的形成机制存在多种假说模型,并对裂谷时空分布特征做出了不同的预测,这成为约束裂谷成因机制的关键条件。综合关于裂谷启动时间的已有研究成果,进一步梳理了南北向裂谷的时空分布特征,结果表明近南北向裂谷的启动时间似乎具有自西向东逐步减小的趋势,这与拉萨地体广泛出露的后碰撞岩浆作用演化过程一致。在此基础上,结合地球物理观测,推断近南北向裂谷的动力学机制与印度板片向东拆离假说最为契合。印度板片自西向东的拆离建立了向东传播的重力势能梯度,从而驱动岩石圈向东流动,最终导致南北向裂谷依次向东发育。