煤层顶底板DEM二维光照渲染制图方法

煤层顶底板等高线图是煤矿企业用于生产决策的一种常用图纸,这种图的直观性较差,难以阅读。参照Tanaka明暗等值线图的方法提出一种基于二维显示的煤层底板DEM的光照渲染制图方法。该方法通过假定光源所处的位置,并计算DEM的三角面片的法向,进而求得三角面片的亮度,然后以填充绘制的方式将所有三角形以二维的方式绘制出来。这种方法具有显示效率高、编程简单、易于图层叠加、效果较Tanaka法逼真等优势。     

Hydrology and geomorphology of the Upper White Nile lakes and their relevance for water resources management in the Nile basin

Remote sensing data and digital elevation models were utilized to extract the catchment hydrological parameters and to delineate storage areas for the Ugandan Equatorial Lakes region. Available rainfall/discharge data are integrated with these morphometric data to construct a hydrological model that simulates the water balance of the different interconnected basins and enables the impact of potential management options to be examined. The total annual discharges of the basins are generally very low (less than 7% of the total annual rainfall). The basin of the shallow (5 m deep) Lake Kioga makes only a minor hydrological contribution compared with other Equatorial Lakes, because most of the overflow from Lake Victoria basin into Lake Kioga is lost by evaporation and evapotranspiration. The discharge from Lake Kioga could be significantly increased by draining the swamps through dredging and deepening certain channel reaches. Development of hydropower dams on the Equatorial Lakes will have an adverse impact on the annual water discharge downstream, including the occasional reduction of flow required for filling up to designed storage capacities and permanently increasing the surface areas of water that is exposed to evaporation. On the basis of modelling studies, alternative sites are proposed for hydropower development and water storage schemes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于卫星遥感影像和DEM融合的地质断裂带研究

应用遥感影像进行地表地质分析,具有数据量大、耗时短、费用低廉等优势,可以快速获取大范围区域的相关地质信息,因此,近年来,卫星遥感影像广泛应用于地质分析工作中。但是由于卫星影像在不同时期内的特征不同,且有大量不同的数据源,在不同影像上获取地质特征困难,因此,如何利用影像处技术增强影像中的地质特征,成为遥感影像地质判读的研究重点。地质断裂带调查一般借助各种直接与间接的调查方法以确认断裂带的存在与否和位置,了解断裂带的活动性,并提供点状或剖面数据材料。卫星影像在追踪研究贯穿地表且可为影像所解析的断裂带上,提供真实的影像证据,有助于直接分析影像中断裂带走向和延展。利用遥感影像处理计算,将卫星影像数据叠加到DEM上编制三维地形图,并利用计算机仿真,通过不同方向的投射光源,找出最适合的观察角及最能凸显出重点区域线状地类的状态。对于地质现象的分析及解释上,可提供较平面影像细致、准确的参考依据。     

地形起伏地区的遥感影像预处理研究

在地形起伏地区,遥感影像预处理主要是消除由于地形起伏造成的投影误差和不同坡向的辐射误差。本文介绍了基于GIS技术对遥感影像进行预处理的方法,处理中以遥感影像的像元(pixel)作为基本单位,首先确定遥感影像与相应的实际地面在地理位置上的对应关系,然后将影像成像时的自然光以像元为单位按照不同的光学特性分解成太阳直射光、天空散射光等分量,根据它们各自不同的特性统一将其转换并合成垂直于水平面的光照,从而使得光照条件不同的自然光转换成光照条件相同的“人工光”,最后计算在此相同的光照条件下的各像元的遥感值,从而提高遥感影像的质量。     

基于四叉树的LOD地形简化及几何变形纠正

论述了一种基于四叉树结构LOD地形快速简化及几何变形纠正方法。通过建立四叉树结构将地形划分为规则的多个小块,利用一个递归过程遍历四叉树结构。在判断过程中本文将地形粗糙度因素加入到节点评价系统当中,有效地实现了地形的简化。对漫游过程中出现的几何变形现象引入一个混合因子到节点评价系统中,较好地解决了几何变形问题。为了更真实地反映地物地貌,本文将具有较高分辨率的航空影像叠加到DEM地形模型上,取得了较好的效果。     

Topographical Mapping of a Bare Tidal Flat Outside a Mangrove Area based on the Waterline Method and an Iterative Hydrodynamic Model: A Case Study of Yingluo Bay,South China

A change in the elevation of bare tidal flats outside a mangrove area is an indispensable factor for the sustainable development of mangroves. Waterline extraction, as an effective and economical tool used in reconstructing the terrain of an intertidal zone, has been widely applied to open-coast tidal flats by constructing a digital elevation model (DEM). However, mangrove wetlands are usually located in wave-sheltered sites, such as estuaries and bays that have narrow tidal channels flanked by tidal flats. Changes in water level are affected by the dry-wet processes of complex landforms caused by tides. This article takes as a study case the area of Yingluo Bay, which covers the core region of the Zhanjiang and Shankou National Mangrove National Nature Reserve in southwestern China. Waterline extraction based on seventeen multisource and multispectral satellite images obtained from December 2014 to April 2015, combining the finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) hydrodynamic model in an iterative process, was used to generate a topographical map of the bare tidal flat outside the mangrove area in Yingluo Bay. The quality of the iterative DEMs was evaluated via six transects of a ground-based survey using Real - time kinematic (RKT) GPS in May 2015. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the DEM decreased with an increase in the number of iterations. In this study, the DEM in the third iteration was used as the final output because the difference from the previous iterative DEM satisfied an inversion-stopping criterion. The MAE and RMSE of the final DEM with the measured data were 0.072 and 0.09?m, respectively, without considering small tidal creeks. The method used in this study can be an effective and highly precise approach for detecting and reconstructing the historical terrain of a bare tidal flat outside a mangrove area. This work also has great importance regarding intertidal resource management and the sustainable development of mangroves facing the vulnerable coastal ecological environment.     

基于海量海底地形数据的存储和可视化研究

针对海量海底地形数据的存储和可视化的技术难点,提出一种基于细节层次模型的处理技术。使用这种技术,可以对海底地形模型进行有效的管理。通过实验证明,使用细节层次模型技术可以对海底地形模型进行高效绘制。     

基于贝叶斯正则化BP神经网络的DEM趋势面逼近

趋势面从宏观上揭示了研究对象的特性,在各领域发挥着重要作用。BP神经网络可以对复杂系统进行无限逼近,进而进行预测。建立了基于贝叶斯正则化BP神经网络的数字高程模型趋势面,与二次多项式建立的数字高程模型趋势面进行比较分析,证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

Regional hydrologic mapping of flows in stream networks

River low flow (LF) is an important hydrological characteristic used in management of the quantity and quality of water resources. A common way to transpose at-station low flow quantiles to ungaged locations involves development of regional multivariate regression models. In site selection studies of water control facilities, need arises to automate the mapping of LF characteristics onto the stream network in a continuous manner. This would allow estimation of LF at any desired ungaged location. A mapping algorithm is introduced that determines the value of regression model's independent variables (input components) over the drainage area of each stream pixel and calculates the flow (output). The mapping algorithm relies mainly on the digital elevation model (DEM) and its derivatives, such as flow direction and flow accumulation. Furthermore, the contribution of each independent variable of the regional model to the total flow may be plotted to represent the flow profiles along the streams. A case study involving LF mapping in rivers of Gilan province, Iran, where LF quantiles are required for issuing water withdrawal permits as well as maintaining water quality standards, is also described in the paper. Overall, the maps and profiles of flow statistics in the region of interest provide convenient visualization and assessment tools for water resource and environmental engineers. The transposition algorithm may also be applied in regional mapping of other flow characteristics such as flood or average flows.     

Accuracy assessment of digital elevation models by means of robust statistical methods

Measures for the accuracy assessment of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are discussed and characteristics of DEMs derived from laser scanning and automated photogrammetry are presented. Such DEMs are very dense and relatively accurate in open terrain. Built-up and wooded areas, however, need automated filtering and classification in order to generate terrain (bare earth) data when Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) have to be produced. Automated processing of the raw data is not always successful. Systematic errors and many outliers at both methods (laser scanning and digital photogrammetry) may therefore be present in the data sets. We discuss requirements for the reference data with respect to accuracy and propose robust statistical methods as accuracy measures. Their use is illustrated by application at four practical examples. It is concluded that measures such as median, normalized median absolute deviation, and sample quantiles should be used in the accuracy assessment of such DEMs. Furthermore, the question is discussed how large a sample size is needed in order to obtain sufficiently precise estimates of the new accuracy measures and relevant formulae are presented.