天山天池水体季节性分层特征

于2014年6-10月,对高山深水湖泊天山天池水温、电导率、溶解氧、p H值、叶绿素a浓度和蓝绿藻细胞密度进行垂直剖面的连续监测,通过对其季节动态和垂直分层结构的分析,探讨天池水体季节性分层特征.天池出现明显水温分层的时间短(6-9月),夏季温跃层变化范围为2~18 m,而秋季温跃层不断下移,10月在18 m水深以下;受水温分层影响,天池水体溶解氧浓度、电导率、p H值、叶绿素a浓度和蓝绿藻细胞密度在垂直剖面表现出明显的季节性分层,尤其是夏季水温分层影响溶解氧浓度、叶绿素a浓度和蓝绿藻细胞密度在水体中的分布,对天池水质变化产生重要影响.天池浅水层(水深小于10 m)溶解氧浓度较高(大于8 mg/L),而深水层(水深超过18 m)溶解氧浓度9月接近4 mg/L,季节性缺氧导致底泥营养盐向上扩散,对水体水质产生不利影响.所以,应在夏、秋季节加强水质监测,以防止天池水华发生;天池叶绿素a浓度与蓝绿藻细胞密度的垂直剖面变化趋势相似,均随水深增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,但叶绿素a浓度在2~12 m水深处较高,蓝绿藻细胞密度在5~15 m水深处较高,表明5~15 m深度适合藻类生长,同时,电导率、p H值的垂直变化也说明藻类的生长情况,这为监测天池水体富营养化取样和分析提供依据.     

淮南深地重力观测的环境噪声评估与慢地震探测潜力

深地实验室的低噪声特性为高精度连续重力观测提供了理想的外部条件.为了揭示深地观测环境对重力观测精度的提升效果,本研究利用CG-5型和CG-6型各两台重力仪,在淮南煤矿的地下和地表同时开展重力观测.为减小仪器性能差异对结果的影响,先在淮北重力站进行同址观测.研究结果表明,相比于地表观测,地下观测可以减少1/3至1/2的线性漂移和1/3左右的非线性漂移,提取的潮汐因子精度也更高.地下非线性漂移的功率谱密度比地表低,二者差异在半日波频段最大可达15 dB.相比于地表和山洞,深地观测在次地震频段有明显的低噪声优势.地震位错理论计算结果表明,冲绳海沟7级左右的地震可在淮南深地试验场产生大约0.003 μGal的重力变化,超过0.001 μGal的超导重力静态观测精度.因此有望利用淮南深地实验室,在次地震频段的低噪声优势环境下开展超导连续重力观测,捕捉冲绳海沟可能存在的7级以上慢地震事件.

     

开放系统下硫酸钠盐对土体冻胀的影响

易溶盐在土中的存在及其在冻结过程中的重新分布对土体的冻结过程有重要影响.在开放系统单向冻结条件下,对青藏铁路沿线粉质红粘土进行了冻结试验.结果表明:随着冷能的持续传递,硫酸钠盐和水分向温度较低处迁移,土体0℃曲线持续降低;但基于测定的含盐土大量冻结温度的基础上,对土体冻深的研究发现,在开放单向冻结条件下土体冻深随着水盐迁移进程的发展而减小,造成与补蒸馏水的土体相比,土体的冻胀较小.同时,利用冻深发展曲线和硫酸钠水溶液相图及溶解度曲线,对土柱中的冻胀和盐胀分别进行了计算,结果认为:土体变形主要是由冻胀引起,硫酸钠结晶膨胀只发生在未冻土段,这与试验结束后对土体冻土段和未冻土段的干密度分层测定的试验结果相一致.     

压实黄土非饱和渗透系数试验研究

压实黄土非饱和渗透特性具有重要的工程意义。对不同干密度的压实黄土试样,采用非饱和导水率测定系统进行非饱和渗透系数量测,得到不同干密度压实黄土的渗透系数与吸力的关系。试验结果表明：渗透系数随吸力的增大而成非线性减小,随干密度的减小而增大;在低吸力时,干密度对渗透系数的影响较大;在较高吸力时,干密度对渗透系数的影响较小。进一步给出了压实黄土的渗透系数模型并进行回归分析,得到各Wind幂函数模型参数与干密度的关系,建立了基于干密度的压实黄土渗透系数的确定方法。     

Effects of stocking density on the growth and immunity of Atlantic salmon salmo salar reared in recirculating aquaculture system(RAS)

Atlantic salmon reared in recirculating aquaculture system(RAS) may lead to inappropriately high stocking density, because ?sh live in a limited space. Finding the suitable stocking density of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS is very important for RAS industry. In this paper, the in?uence of stocking density on growth and some stress related physiological factors were investigated to evaluate the ef fects of stocking density. The ?sh were reared for 220 days at ?ve densities(A: 24 kg/m^3; B: 21 kg/m^3; C: 15 kg/m^3; D: 9 kg/m^3 and E: 6 kg/m^3). The results show that 30 kg/m^3 might be the maximum density which RAS can af ford in China. The stocking densities under 30 kg/m^3 have no ef fect on mortality of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS. However, the speci?c growth rate(SGR), ?nal weight and weight gain in the high density group were signi?cantly lower than the lower density groups and middle density groups. Moreover, feed conversion rate(FCR) had a negative correlation with density. Plasma hormone T_3 and GH showed signi?cant decrease with the increase of the stocking density of the experiment. Furthermore, thyroid hormone(T 3), GH(growth hormone) activities were decreased with stocking density increase. However, plasma cortisol, GOT(glutamic oxalacetic transaminase) and GPT(glutamic pyruvic transaminase) activities were increase with stocking density increase. And the stocking density has no ef fects on plasma lysozyme of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS. These investigations would also help devise effcient ways to rear adult Atlantic salmon in China and may, in a way, help spread salmon mariculture in China.     

舟山群岛外海域鱼类数量分布与环境因子的关系

根据2018年4月（春季）和10月（秋季）在舟山群岛外海域进行的渔业资源调查资料,分析了鱼类的种类组成、数量分布和优势种,并用典范对应分析方法分析了其与水文环境之间的关系。结果表明,舟山群岛外海域鱼类有106种,隶属于12目47科80属,春、秋季鱼类质量密度分别为210.50 kg/km²和829.06 kg/km²,尾数密度分别为8.08×10³ ind/km²和165.94×10³ ind/km²。春季鱼类资源密度在调查海域的西北部较高,东部较低,而秋季鱼类资源密度在东部海域较高,西北部海域较低。两个季节的鱼类优势种更替明显,春季优势种为黄鮟鱇（Lophius litulon）、日本红娘鱼（Lepidotrigla japonica）、细条天竺鲷（Apogon lineatus）,秋季为细条天竺鲷、日本发光鲷（Acropom japonicum）。鱼类种数呈现显著的季节和空间变化,但是都以西部以及西北部靠近近岸岛屿的海域种类数较高,大部分鱼类栖息在50～80 m水深海域。典范对应分析结果表明,表层温度、底层温度、表层盐度是影响调查海域鱼类种类组成和数量分布的主要环境因子。     

影响萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长的生态学因子的研究：温度和饵料密度的影响

本文研究了在5个温度梯度和4个饵料密度的20个试验组合下，萼化臂尾轮虫（Brachionuscalyciflorus）的种群增长规律。结果表明，该轮虫实验种群的最适温度范围是28—32℃，临界高温是36－40℃；最适饵料密度是45－65×106个／ml。这两个生态因子的最佳组合是温度32℃，饵料密度为65×106个／ml，此时，种群达最大密度3．4×103个／ml。     

Effect of reproductive state and sex on movement and food consumption of western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) in a tank environment

The catchability of western rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus) during the spawning season (October and November) may be affected by their reproductive state. In this study, movement and food consumption of males and females of different reproductive states held in laboratory tanks were measured as proxies for catchability. Density of lobsters was found to influence both movement and food consumption. Solitary animals and, to a lesser extent, two lobsters per tank, were more sedentary and consumed significantly less food than animals at a density of three or four specimens per tank. Tests using three animals per tank confirmed that mature, unmated, and ovigerous females carrying early stage eggs moved more frequently away from their shelters than males or females carrying late stage eggs (P < 0.0001, d.f. = 3). Further, unmated females and females with early stage eggs recorded significantly higher food consumption (P < 0.0061, d.f. = 3) compared with males or females carrying late stage eggs. The greater time spent away from shelter and also food consumption make unmated females and females with early stage eggs likely to be more catchable than males or females with late stage eggs. As catchability is commonly used to obtain population estimates from survey data, these results have implications for surveys which use catch rates of breeding animals as indicators of egg production.     

A multi‐stock,length‐based assessment model for New Zealand rock lobster (Jasus Edwardsii)

We describe a multi‐stock, length‐based Bayesian assessment model for New Zealand spiny lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fisheries. This model allows simultaneous modelling of two or more stocks with a mixture of common and stock‐specific parameters: recruitment is always stock‐specific, but any other parameter can be specified as either common or stock‐specific. Common parameters are estimated from a wider base than they would be in a single‐stock model. The model's time step is flexible and can be changed during the period being modelled to accommodate better data quality in recent data. Other options include the capacity to estimate movements among stocks, allow density‐dependent growth, and choose among likelihood functions for the various data sets, between finite and instantaneous fishing dynamics and between two forms of selectivity curve.