准晶体的构筑原理及微粒分数维结构模型

准晶体的原子构造中两个原理在起作用,即二十面体原理和黄金中值原理。二十面体原理是指大小相近的原子形成孤立的十二次配位体时,二十面体配位形式在能量上最有利。黄金中值原理是指在准晶体中原子的排列符合黄金中值律。这两个原理适用于由少量原子构成的体系,也适用于某些生物的结构。运用这两个原理于准晶体微粒,我们获得了最简单的准晶体结构模型。此模型可以解释Al-Mn准晶体的高分辨图的所有细节。此模型与Hiraga模型以及Bursill和彭菊琳模型都不相同。在此模型中Al_(12)Mn二十面体不是共棱的。这一模型具有分数维结构的待征,因此称之为准晶体的微粒分数维结构模型。     

Robustness of variograms and conditioning of kriging matrices

Current ideas of robustness in geostatistics concentrate upon estimation of the experimental variogram. However, predictive algorithms can be very sensitive to small perturbations in data or in the variogram model as well. To quantify this notion of robustness, nearness of variogram models is defined. Closeness of two variogram models is reflected in the sensitivity of their corresponding kriging estimators. The condition number of kriging matrices is shown to play a central role. Various examples are given. The ideas are used to analyze more complex universal kriging systems.Research performed while on leave at Centre de Geóstatistique et de Morphologie Mathématique, Fontainebleau.     

Hydraulics of runoff and loess loam deposition

On many more or less loamy soils, rill erosion is reported to start on slopes that are equal to or steeper than 2–3°; critical Froude numbers for the start of rill wash on these slopes vary between 2·0 and 3·0. This explains why colluvial deposition often occurs on slopes below 2–3°, when water spreads out at the downslope extremities of the rills. The critical hydraulic conditions for loess loam deposition were tested in the laboratory for slopes of 0·5° and 2°, applying unit-discharges (q) up to 10 cm²/s. It appeared from these experiments that for afterflow, without raindrop impact, deposition starts for critical load concentrations (c_cr) varying between several g/1 and about 60 g/l. Under rain c_cr amounts to a minimum value of 100–125 g/l and it increases when the runoff film becomes thinner. Nevertheless, deposition in pluvial runoff is also possible, as was the case during the Weichselian, according to data from quarries in Belgium and in The Netherlands. A modified Kalinske equation is proposed for c_cr prediction, with the introduction of a typical empirical coefficient C_r and considering such factors as shear stress and mean particle size. Massive sedimentation may occur when it stops raining and afterflow starts, since c_cr values are then much lower. It is shown from the Shields' diagram that loamy suspensions are more sensitive to sedimentation than sands in clear water.     

均质土坡的安全系数

本文用变分法的基本理论的方法，推导出了均质土坡稳定性在平面应变情况下的基本方程，将简单边坡无粘性土（Ｃ＝０）与纯粘性土ψ＝０）的情况作为特例导出了相应的计算方法与计算公式，并对传统的条分法与土坡临界高度计算方法进行了讨论。     

地幔对流与岩石层板块的相互耦合及影响──（Ⅰ）球腔中的自由热对流

板块运动是地幔对流的主要证据之一．同时，作为地球动力系统中一个相对独立部分，板块自身的存在和运动对地幔内部物质的流动形态有巨大影响．地幔内部的流动由两部分组成：一是由内部非绝热温度差异造成的自由对流解；另一部分是由在地表运动的板块所激发．作为系列工作的第一部分，本文研究球腔中的自由热对流问题．得到了对地幔对流研究有实际意义的下边界为自由、上边界为刚性情况下的临界瑞利数值，不同的瑞利数时球腔内流场和温度场的分布形态等．     

地球物理非线性反演模拟退火法的改进

在地球物理非线性反演方法中，模拟退火法是一种较先进的启发式蒙特卡洛（ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ）方法．但是，在处理实际资料时，该方法存在着计算效率不够高的缺点，有时还会失效．为此，从模拟退少法的关键问题──最低温度的选择入手，根据模拟退火法与统计力学的吉布斯－马尔柯夫（Ｇｉｂｂｓ－Ｍａｒｋｏｖ）模型之间的关系导出临界温度的近似表达式；用此式分析目标函数超曲面形状对模拟退火法计算的影响；提出利用模糊先验信息确定最低温度、改造目标函数等改进措施．     

Landslide triggering scenarios in homogeneous geological contexts: The area surrounding Acri (Calabria, Italy)

The paper describes a methodology to detect landslide triggering scenarios in geological homogeneous areas and for some specific landslide categories. In these scenarios, the rainfall–landslide relationship as well as the pluviometric load conditions influencing slope instability have to be investigated.The methodology is applied to an area located in northern Calabria (Italy) and affected by widespread and different slope instability phenomena. Outcropped, fractured, and deeply weathered crystalline rock masses, determining geologic homogeneous conditions, are present. In the same area, suitable and homogeneous climatic features have also been found.According to the methodology adopted, the hydrologic analysis of rainfall time-series is initially carried out notwithstanding historical data concerning landslide mobilization, but using simple models to determine critical pluviometric scenarios for the three landslide categories: shallow, medium-deep, and deep. Landslide-triggering scenarios individualized according to this procedure are less significant as compared to the landslide mobilization detected in the study area by means of historical research and ascribed to the three landslide categories according to geomorphologic analysis.Subsequently, the possible landslide triggering scenarios are outlined by carefully investigating the hydrologic analysis limited to the periods identified according to the historical data.In the study area and approximately for all the areas characterized by the outcrop of fractured and deeply weathered crystalline rocks, significant triggering scenarios can be outlined. In particular, shallow landslide triggers could be activated by rainfall events with intensities exceeding 90 mm/day and/or with amounts exceeding 160 mm. As for medium-deep and deep landslides, triggering mechanisms are more complicated; and effective rainfall contribution must be taken into account compared to groundwater storage. Moreover, a more complex link between deep landslides and precipitation is confirmed.The results obtained to date highlight the potential of this methodology, which enables us to define and progressively improve the knowledge framework by means of a work sequence integrating different disciplinary tools and results.     

A Spatial Variant of the Basic Reproduction Number for the New Orleans Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878

A spatial variant of the basic reproduction number (R₀), here defined as the number of subsequent deaths attributed to an initial mortality, can be used to identify geographic variation within an epidemic. A spatial R₀ was calculated at the neighborhood level, here defined by a 50‐m buffer surrounding an index case, for mortality data from the 1878 yellow fever epidemic of New Orleans. The highest number of secondary mortalities linked to a neighborhood index case was twelve, with a further eighty‐seven extrapolated morbidity cases. Results also highlight the importance of multideath residences and cultural contacts in neighborhood‐level disease spread.     

Capturing critical behaviour in soil moisture spatio-temporal dynamics

A physical system is subject to a phase transition process when it shows a discontinuous change of a macroscopic feature of the system under a continuous change of a system’s state variable.