最小能量准则用于1995年河北沙城ML 4.1地震序列破裂性质的探讨

运用变分原理,我们得到了最小地震波辐射能量约束准则并用于研究震源的物理过程.通过研究1995年M_L4.1河北沙城地震序列主震和余震的动力学过程,可知主震和余震震源的动态破裂过程明显不同;M_L4.1主震的破裂速度与瑞利波速相近,约为剪切波速度的0.89倍;而28个余震的破裂速度远远小于剪切波速度,大约是剪切波速度的0.05到0.55倍.根据裂纹扩展模型,计算得到其余震的地震波辐射效率多在10％以下,这也说明了余震的地震效率较低.我们认为余震震源的动态破裂过程应与断层内部新生裂纹的扩展有关,而非简单的岩体间的相对滑动.余震震源的动态破裂传播与破裂能占主导地位的小地震有关.这些小震所带来的破裂能也导致了断层的进一步扩展.在对该地震序列的研究中,我们发现主震与余震的震源破裂过程在能量分配上有着本质的区别.因此当地震断层尺度相当小时,破裂能的贡献不能忽略,它的大小将显著地影响地震波辐射能的大小.     

一种基于3D复杂介质的弹性建模数值方法

储层中的裂隙会导致介质表现出各向异性.传统等效介质方法假定储层可以被等效成为横向各向同性介质,不适用于复杂裂缝储层的弹性等效建模和各向异性特征分析.本文在前人研究基础上,利用最小二乘方法开展3D复杂裂隙弹性等效数值模拟研究,并与常规等效介质理论方法进行比较,验证数值方法的精确性.数值方法不仅能有效避免Hudson理论和Eshelby-Cheng理论等解析方法在大裂隙密度条件下的参数估计误差,而且兼顾裂隙扰动作用对等效介质参数的影响.数值研究表明,数值方法能够较好地描述复杂裂缝介质的各向异性特征,为复杂裂缝储层地震波各向异性参数反演提供依据.     

青藏铁路不同路基工程结构对路基裂缝的影响研究

针对青藏铁路某试验段加筋路堤和站场路基等不同路基工程 ,本文介绍了冻土路基的温度和变形的试验结果 ,分析了加筋路堤和站场路基不同路基工程的地温变化和变形特征 ,并论述了加筋路堤和加宽路基等不同工程结构对路基裂缝的影响     

龙游石窟3号洞第3-2号岩柱的监测与开裂机理分析

龙游石窟1-5号洞室群几百年来一直处于水下,1992年首次被抽干水用于开发旅游。由于抽水前后环境的强烈改变,以及洞内干湿交替明显,所以洞室围岩风化和破坏都十分严重。其中,本文所讨论的3号洞第3－2号岩柱就是已发生严重开裂,并亟待加固。为对该岩柱的加固提供科学依据,需准确把握变形破坏发展情况和据此研究它的变形破坏机理。为此,作者采用JSYCB-73系列电感式测缝仪和钢尺等手段对岩柱开裂的宽度和长度进行监测。根据监测所取得的大量数据和地质条件,对该岩柱的开裂机理进行了分析,得出了以下结论:（1）用来加固邻区的混凝土喷层的重力部分转移到该岩柱上,从而增加了荷载;（2）由于洞内渗水严重、干湿交替、温差变化较大等使风化作用加大。结果,导致该岩柱的强度降低。（3）该岩柱强度的降低和所施加荷载的增加等两个因素最终导致了岩柱被压裂。根据上述研究结论,并考虑文物保护和旅游的需要,提出了治水、地表卸荷、岩柱加锚、加箍等加固措施。加固后的监测数据表明,开裂已不再发展,岩柱已处于稳定     

湘东北原生钴矿成矿地质条件分析

湘东北普乐及横洞原生钴矿床均赋存于长平断裂带F2主干断裂下盘构造热液蚀变岩带中。区域性长平断裂带为岩浆侵入和成矿物质运移提供了通道和空间；燕山期中酸性岩浆侵入为成矿提供了物质和动热来源；F2下盘层间裂隙群是重要的容矿构造；脆性围岩则是赋矿层位。     

声发射预报地震的岩体力学分析

岩体受压破坏是由于岩体内裂纹扩展及新的宏观裂纹产生不断积累的结果,大规模岩体受压破坏前会发生局部岩体的先前断裂破坏。裂纹起裂、快速扩展和止裂会产生声发射现象,局部岩体断裂破坏会产生强烈的声发射现象,通过对岩体声发射的监测分析可以预报受压岩体破坏的时间。因此,通过对地壳岩体声发射的监测分析,可以进行地震的短期和临震预报。通过对岩体受压应力分布规律的分析,得出通过监测地壳浅部地应力和地形变预报地震是没有实际意义的结论。     

Estimation of crack opening from a two‐dimensional continuum‐based finite element computation

Damage models are capable of representing crack initiation and mimicking crack propagation within a continuum framework. Thus, in principle, they do not describe crack openings. In durability analyses of concrete structures however, transfer properties are a key issue controlled by crack propagation and crack opening. We extend here a one‐dimensional approach for estimating a crack opening from a continuum‐based finite element calculation to two‐dimensional cases. The technique operates in the case of mode I cracking described in a continuum setting by a nonlocal isotropic damage model. We used the global tracking method to compute the idealized crack location as a post‐treatment procedure. The original one‐dimensional problem devised in Dufour et al. [4] is recovered as profiles of deformation orthogonal to the idealized crack direction are computed. An estimate of the crack opening and an error indicator are computed by comparing finite element deformation profiles and theoretical profiles corresponding to a displacement discontinuity. Two estimates have been considered: In the strong approach, the maxima of the profiles are assumed to be equal; in the weak approach, the integrals of each profile are set equal. Two‐dimensional numerical calculations show that the weak estimates perform better than do the strong ones. Error indicators, defined as the distance between the numerical and theoretical profiles, are less than a few percentages. In the case of a three‐point bending, test results are in good agreement with experimental data, with an error lower than 10% for widely opened crack (> 40µm). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A tensile damage model for rocks: Application to blast induced damage assessment

In this paper, an experimental methodology is presented using digital image techniques to assess the internal microcracks and to quantify the rock damage within rock cores. The second part of the work is devoted to the numerical estimation of the tensile blast induced damage evolution law. The set up methodology is then applied to a set of limestone cores which were sampled before and after a real field blast round. The image analysis algorithm which was developed during the present work is based on a segmentation technique that uses a particular thresholding. Petrographic parameters, such as crack number, orientation, extension, centroid position were computed as a first step aiming at a fine characterization of the cracked medium. The most important estimated parameter is the specific crack area which is defined as the ratio between the crack area and the total image area. This parameter was taken as the rock internal damage. A dynamic tensile damage ordinary partial differential equation is numerically solved and calibrated with the obtained data in order to derive a general blast induced damage evaluation law within the muckpile blocks. The application of the numerical algorithm to cores coming from sampled blocks before and after real field blasts allowed the estimation of damage parameter and dynamic stress evolution histories as well as an estimation of the microfracturing activation and growth energies used during the blast.     

2022年1月8日青海门源6.9级地震的震源区结构特征和b值意义初探

2022年1月8日1时45分青海省门源县发生M_S6.9地震.本文基于青藏高原东北缘水平分辨率为0.3°的地震层析成像结果,获取了震源周边区域的地壳浅部构造信息,包括波速、泊松比以及估计的裂隙密度和饱和率的空间分布.结果表明:此次门源M_S6.9地震发生在P波和S波波速剧烈变化的区域,靠近高速体的边缘.泊松比和饱和率同样都显示,门源M_S6.9地震发生在高低值变化的过渡区.地震活动参数分析显示,震前冷龙岭断裂带的震源周边区域显示出了低b值、较低的a值和高a/b值的特征,与龙门山—岷山构造带强震之前的情况类似.裂隙密度在冷龙岭断裂两侧呈现出显著差异,北侧高于南侧,这可能是震后现场科考发现的断裂带地表破裂北侧高于南侧的构造成因.     

扩展有限元法在岩石断裂力学中的应用

岩石裂纹的扩展是一个经典的不连续问题,常规有限元方法难以实现裂纹扩展过程的仿真模拟。扩展有限元法(XFEM)实现了计算网格与不连续面相互独立,因此模拟移动的不连续面时无需对网格进行重新剖分。本文介绍了XFEM基本原理和岩石断裂力学常用判据,尝试对岩石类材料单缝Ⅰ型三点弯曲、单缝剪切和双缝平板实验进行模拟。分析结果表明:扩展有限元模拟岩石类材料断裂问题不受网格划分限制,裂纹以实际应力场分布随机扩展;直观地给出岩样的微裂纹产生、演化,直至完全破坏的全过程,并与实验结果吻合。该方法能够应用到岩石断裂力学方面的研究,模拟岩石类材料的宏细观破坏过程,为解决复杂问题提供了方便的途径。