Should Quaternary sea-level changes be used to correct glacier ELAs, vegetation belt altitudes and sea level temperatures for inferring climate changes?

Changes in the altitudes of glacier snowlines (ELAs) and the altitudes of montane vegetation belts (VBAs) measure Quaternary climatic change. An accepted ‘correction’ to such changes by deducting the amount of contemporary sea level fall is wrong, since the air displaced by the ice sheets approximately fills the space left by the falling sea level and so there is no overall downward movement of the troposphere. This also causes a reduced cooling at the lowered sea level relative to that at the former inter-glacial sea level, about 1°C at the Las Glacial Maximum, which reduces the discrepancies previously noted by others between terrestrial and marine estimates of sea-level cooling. The change in temperature is indicated by the product of the ELA or VBA lowering and the environmental lapse rate (ELR). Prior estimates of ΔELA (−900 ± 135 m) and ELR (−6° ± 0.1°C km⁻¹) would indicate a cooling of −5.4°C at interglacial sea level and −4.4°C at glacial sea level, although glacial-period ELRs are not known reliably. Established ELA corrections for local epeirogenic uplift or subsidence are appropriate.     

井环境对阵列感应测井响应的影响分析

阵列感应测井资料经常出现与井眼环境有关的质量问题.采用三维矢量有限元法分别在椭圆形井眼、仪器偏心及斜井条件下的阵列感应测井原始响应进行了模拟,并对环境校正和合成聚焦后的数据进行了分析.结果表明,线圈距较短的原始测量信号更易受井眼椭圆度、仪器偏心、泥浆电阻率及与地层电阻率反差的影响;而合成聚焦后的浅探测曲线虽然经过了环境校正和合成聚焦等数据处理,但仍然受这些因素的影响,这反映出阵列感应测井的数据处理是不完善的或采用的校正模型是理想化的;在井斜影响方面,浅探测曲线受井斜角大小影响相对较小,深探测曲线在井斜角为60°以上时受其影响较大而必须进行进一步处理.     

固定翼航空电磁系统的线圈姿态及吊舱摆动影响研究与校正

固定翼时间域航空电磁探测系统在实际飞行测量过程中,发射线圈、接收线圈姿态和吊舱摆动状态不断变化,在测量数据中引入如发射磁矩方向、接收分量方向以及系统收发距等参数的误差,影响数据反演成像效果.本文基于固定翼时间域航空电磁正演理论,利用姿态变换,引入发射线圈、接收线圈双旋转矩阵;根据发射、接收线圈相对位置的几何关系,求得摆动格林张量;推导了任意姿态角度以及任意摆动角度情况下的固定翼航空电磁响应三分量计算表达式.通过层状大地模型的仿真计算,分别研究了发射、接收线圈各姿态以及吊舱摆动状态对航空电磁响应的影响,得出发射线圈、接收线圈俯仰旋转和吊舱同向摆动对系统电磁响应影响最强;仿真分析了实际测量中,三种角度同时存在情况下,航空电磁响应的定量变化规律.在此基础上,讨论了响应系数与大地电导率的关系,同时给出基于响应系数的固定翼航空电磁系统线圈姿态和摆动状态校正方法,准二维层状大地模型反演结果表明,校正后数据的反演精度提高了33.1%.     

地震阈值监测技术中的震级校正

地震阈值监测技术能够实现对台网监测能力的实时评估,该方法利用短时平均值(STA)代替A/T来计算震级.为了使STA计算的震级跟传统震级计算结果一致,需要对利用STA计算的震级进行校正.本文通过分析台站检测到的历史事件,选择最优的滤波频带计算log(A/T)与log(STA)之差,得到利用STA计算震级的校正系数.利用新疆地震台网部分台站的数据,分析了阈值监测技术计算的台网监测能力,结果跟实际值基本一致.     

基于CUACE模式产品的订正方法比较研究

分别利用一元线性回归、分季节消除偏差订正和滚动偏差订正的方法,结合实况观测资料和2014年3月—2015年2月CUACE模式产品的评估结果,对2015年3月—2016年2月中国气象局下发的CUACE模式产品进行了订正。结果表明,利用一元线性回归方程订正的效果最差,利用分季节消除偏差订正的方法能降低冬季PM10、SO2和NO2的RMSE、MB和MNB值,对于预报效果有提升作用,但该方法对其他季节的订正效果较差。而利用滚动偏差订正的方法,能够降低SO2和NO2预报值的ERMS、MB和MNB,而且对于除O3外的其他污染物相关系数具有明显的提升作用。     

Correction of laser scanning intensity data: Data and model-driven approaches

Most airborne and terrestrial laser scanning systems additionally record the received signal intensity for each measurement. Multiple studies show the potential of this intensity value for a great variety of applications (e.g. strip adjustment, forestry, glaciology), but also state problems if using the original recorded values. Three main factors, a) spherical loss, b) topographic and c) atmospheric effects, influence the backscatter of the emitted laser power, which leads to a noticeably heterogeneous representation of the received power. This paper describes two different methods for correcting the laser scanning intensity data for these known influences resulting in a value proportional to the reflectance of the scanned surface. The first approach – data-driven correction – uses predefined homogeneous areas to empirically estimate the best parameters (least-squares adjustment) for a given global correction function accounting for all range-dependent influences. The second approach – model-driven correction – corrects each intensity independently based on the physical principle of radar systems. The evaluation of both methods, based on homogeneous reflecting areas acquired at different heights in different missions, indicates a clear reduction of intensity variation, to 1/3.5 of the original variation, and offsets between flight strips to 1/10. The presented correction methods establish a great potential for laser scanning intensity to be used for surface classification and multi-temporal analyses.     

各向异性地层上方频率测深视电阻率响应特征的研究

为了改进频率测深方法的解释精度,本文讨论了各向异性对频率测深电磁场或视电阻率的影响问题。文中对各向异性层状介质上方电磁场问题的计算以及各向异性校正方法也作出研究,野外实际工作以此为指导是很必要的。     

Methodology for determination of correction factors in direct gamma spectrometric measurement of radionuclides in sediments

In this study, the practical methodologies are described for the determination of the factors for the self-absorption effect (Fs), spectral interferences (Fcsi), and true coincidence summing effects (Fcoi), which are used in direct gamma-spectrometric measurement of radionuclides such as 210Pb, 238U, 234Th, 226Ra, 214Pb, 228Ac, 208Tl, 214Bi, 137Cs and 40K in samples. To validate the applied methods, certified reference materials (CRMs) of lake and stream sediments were measured with an n-type Germanium (Ge) detector-calibrated using a multinuclide reference source. The highest self-absorption correction factors ranged from Fs = 1.44–2.10 for 46.5 keV peak (210Pb) and Fs = 1.25–1.60 for 63.3 keV peak (234Th) lying in the low energy region of the spectrum. The systematic influence was observed for 186.2 keV (226Ra) peak due to spectral interferences with the 235U contribution. For this peak, Fcsi is changed from 0.921 to 0.955. Additionally, the present study suggests that true coincidence summing (TCS) effects are not dominant, except for 208Tl and 214Bi for which Fcoi ranged from 1.179 to 1.192 an ranged from 1.140 to 1.151, respectively.     

热剩磁偏离古地磁场的校正及其应用

根据含多畴磁铁矿岩石的热剩磁(TRM)及其磁化率各向异性(AMS)张量间的特征值的比值关系,推导出一种因AMS 而引起的TRM 方向偏离外磁场方向的具体校正公式,并将其成功地应用到中国月山闪长岩体及法国Flamanville 花岗岩体的古地磁研究中.