南沙群岛永暑礁工程地质特性

运用现场钻探和浅地震勘探等方法,发现珊瑚礁弱胶结礁灰岩具有礁绷高而内礁平坪和湖低的岩盆现象,并认为此岩盆现象有利于礁体工程地质稳定性的礁体的成长发展。另外,还采用原位土工程测试和室内工试验等手段研究了珊瑚砂的礁灰岩的物理力学特性,指出了珊瑚钙质砂具有高内摩擦角、高孔隙比、颗粒易破碎、颗粒形状不规则等特性,是一种不利于桩基工程建设的特殊性土,值得深入研究。     

南沙珊瑚礁对大气CO2含量上升的响应

本文利用南沙海域的碳酸盐化学以及相关调查资料，分析了表层CaCO3饱和度的分布特征，通过碳酸盐的热力学计算模式，定量评估了未来大气CO2增加对表层CaCO3饱和度的潜在影响，利用CaCO3饱和度与珊瑚钙化速率的经验关系式，进一步预测了珊瑚礁对大气CO2上升可能产生的生物地球化学响应．初步结果显示，工业革命前至2100年，南沙海域的CaCO3饱和度将下降43％左右，从而将引起珊瑚礁的平均钙化速率减少33％．如果未来大气CO2浓度继续保持目前的上升趋势，南沙海域珊瑚礁可能会停止生长，甚至某些造礁生物面，临灭绝的危险．     

亚热带珊瑚礁海域枯水季pCO2的分布特征及CO2汇源转换机制-以深圳杨梅坑海域为例

由于存在极高的初级生产和高效的碳代谢速率, 珊瑚礁海域二氧化碳(CO₂)的汇/源属性仍存有争议。为明晰中国典型珊瑚礁海域CO₂的汇源属性及驱动因素, 作者基于2022年11月(秋季)和2023年2月(冬季)在深圳杨梅坑海域的调查结果并结合室内培养实验所获得的数据, 探究了枯水季节典型亚热带珊瑚礁海水二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)的分布特征及主要控制机制。结果表明, 调查期间pCO₂的变化较大, 其范围为233.3~465.3 μatm。秋季表现为大气CO₂的汇, CO₂吸收通量为1.66±0.41 mmol C/(m²/d);冬季表现为大气CO₂的弱源, 其释放通量为0.36±0.17 mmol C/(m²/d)。调查期间(枯水季)杨梅坑海域受淡水输入的影响较小, 季节性温度影响下的生物过程是驱动pCO₂变化的关键因素, 其贡献pCO₂总变化量的73.6%(表层)和66.5%(底层)。其中, 浮游植物光合作用的季节差异是导致海水CO₂汇源转变的主要成因, 而微生物呼吸作用的影响甚微。相比较, 物理过程(CO₂海-气交换、温度和盐度变化)对pCO₂的影响相对较小, 其作用结果远低于生物过程。此外, 珊瑚的代谢活动对杨梅坑局部海域pCO₂分布产生一定影响, 造成礁区pCO₂值高于非礁区。因此, 海气CO₂通量估算中不能忽视局部海域珊瑚代谢作用的影响。     

小竹山岛人工鱼礁区大型底栖动物群落结构的初步研究

为探究小竹山岛海域投放人工鱼礁后大型底栖动物群落结构的变化, 于2017—2020年进行了8个航次的调查, 研究鱼礁区、邻近区与对照区的大型底栖动物种类组成、优势种、生物多样性、群落结构及群落稳定性。结果显示, 共鉴定出大型底栖动物72种, 其中多毛类45种, 甲壳类16种, 软体动物8种, 棘皮动物3种, 投礁后第4年(2020年)比投礁后第1年(2017年)种类数增加了15种, 并且鱼礁区的种类数多于邻近区与对照区。优势种组成以多毛类为主。调查海域大型底栖动物生物量和丰度呈逐年上升趋势, 年份间差异显著, 2017—2020年年均生物量从2.11 g/m²上升到4.38 g/m², 年均丰度从289.31 ind./m²上升到764.14 ind./m², 区域间无显著差异。多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数在不同年份和区域之间变化不显著。聚类分析结果显示, 大型底栖动物群落结构分布格局呈现年际变化; 双因素相似性分析结果表明, 调查海域大型底栖动物群落结构的年份差异显著(P<0.01), 区域间无显著差异(P>0.05); 相似性百分比分析结果表明, 深沟毛虫(Sigambra bassi)、长叶索沙蚕(Lumbrineris longiforlia)、中蚓虫(Mediomastus californiensis)和寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Micronephthys oligobranchia)等是造成群落年际差异的主要贡献种。丰度/生物量曲线结果表明, 2017—2020年大型底栖动物群落均未受到扰动, 随着鱼礁建设时间的推移, 大型底栖动物群落更趋稳定。     

Western Indian Ocean marine and terrestrial records of climate variability: a review and new concepts on land–ocean interactions since AD 1660

We examine the relationship between three tropical and two subtropical western Indian Ocean coral oxygen isotope time series to surface air temperatures (SAT) and rainfall over India, tropical East Africa and southeast Africa. We review established relationships, provide new concepts with regard to distinct rainfall seasons, and mean annual temperatures. Tropical corals are coherent with SAT over western India and East Africa at interannual and multidecadal periodicities. The subtropical corals correlate with Southeast African SAT at periodicities of 16–30 years. The relationship between the coral records and land rainfall is more complex. Running correlations suggest varying strength of interannual teleconnections between the tropical coral oxygen isotope records and rainfall over equatorial East Africa. The relationship with rainfall over India changed in the 1970s. The subtropical oxygen isotope records are coherent with South African rainfall at interdecadal periodicities. Paleoclimatological reconstructions of land rainfall and SAT reveal that the inferred relationships generally hold during the last 350 years. Thus, the Indian Ocean corals prove invaluable for investigating land–ocean interactions during past centuries. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Large-scale Tazhong Ordovician Reef-fiat Oil-Gas Field in the Tarim Basin of China

The Tazhong reef-flat oil-gas field is the first large-scale Ordovician organic reef type oil-gas field found in China.Its organic reefs were developed in the early Late Ordovician Lianglitag Formation, and are the first large reefs of the coral-stromatoporoid hermatypic community found in China.The organic reefs and platform-margin grain banks constitute a reef-fiat complex, mainly consisting of biolithites and grainstones.The biolithites can be classified into the framestone, bafflestone.bindstone etc.The main body of the complex lies around the wells from Tazhong-24 to Tazhong-82, trending northwest, with the thickness from 100 to 300 m, length about 220 km and width 5-10 km.It is a reef-flat lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir, with a very complex hydrocarbon distribution:being a gas condensate reservoir as a whole with local oil reservoirs.The hydrocarbon distribution is controlled by the reef complex.generally located in the upper 100-200 m part of the complex,and largely in a banded shape along the complex.On the profile,the reservoir shows a stratified feature.with an altitude difierence of almost 2200 m from southeast to northwest.The petroleum accumulation is controlled by karst reservoir beds and the northeast strike-slip fault belt. The total geologic reserves had reached 297.667 Mt by 2007.     

东昆仑马尔争早中二叠世生物礁及其层序地层研究

通过东昆仑马尔争地区早中二叠世生物礁地层剖面的深入研究, 详细阐述了东昆仑马尔争早中二叠世生物礁的基本特征、生物礁的演化和层序地层, 根据岩石组合特征、生物群落及海平面变化划分了12个造礁旋回, 归纳出5个三级层序, 并将东昆仑早中二叠世生物礁与扬子地台的二叠纪生物礁进行比较研究, 提出了造山带活动大陆边缘生物礁发育的基本规律.      

珊瑚礁海岸水动力学问题研究综述

珊瑚礁水动力学是一个涉及生态、环境、地质和工程学的交叉课题,其水动力学研究不仅为珊瑚礁海域生态系统的维护和海岸线的演变提供一定的理论参考,还能为海岸的防灾减灾以及岛礁工程的建设提供一定的决策依据。回顾了国内外珊瑚礁海岸水动力问题的研究与进展,从现场观测、理论模型、物理模型试验和数值模型4个方面对当前该领域的研究进展进行了综述,并提出今后现场观测研究对象可关注南中国海的珊瑚岛礁,理论分析方法可侧重考虑非线性波浪理论,物理模型试验可采用大型波浪水槽和港池来复演现场尺度的水动力问题,数值模型可采用计算流体力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD）方法对波浪与珊瑚礁相互作用进行精细化模拟,本文旨在为今后国内珊瑚礁水动力学方面的相关研究提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

塔里木盆地HD23井区中奥陶统生物礁滩体的识别与研究

礁滩体储层是中国目前碳酸盐岩勘探的重点。塔里木盆地奥陶系礁滩复合储集体发育,中奥陶统生物礁发育层位主要在一间房组,发育区集中分布在塔北、巴楚等地,并以开阔台地台内点礁方式出现。HD23井区内共有奥陶系探井4口,其中HD17井、HD13井、YW2井在中奥陶统一间房组都钻遇了托盘类瓶筐石（Calathium）障积礁,礁的厚度约5 m,礁的上下地层均为砂屑鲕粒灰岩和砂砾屑灰岩等滩相沉积,形成礁滩复合体。文中通过钻井资料和地球物理资料,深入研究了HD23井区礁滩体的特征与分布。三维地震解释显示一间房组地层中存在一个厚度异常体,经分析认为该异常体就是局部异常发育的瓶筐石生物礁滩复合体,该生物礁滩体横向连片,有一定的分布范围和规模。对该井区内中奥陶统一间房组的生物礁滩体加以研究,将为下一步奥陶系的油气勘探提供依据。     

Tsunami as agents of geomorphic change in mid-ocean reef islands

Low-lying atoll islands appear highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and extreme natural events. Potentially disastrous effects of future sea-level rise have been inferred in many studies, and the actual impacts of tropical storms on island destruction and formation have been well documented. In contrast, the role of tsunami in the geomorphic development of atoll islands has not been investigated. The Sumatran earthquake of 26 December 2004 generated a tsunami that reached the Maldives 2500 km away, with waves up to 2.5 m high. Observations on the geomorphic changes resulting from the tsunami are detailed here, based on pre-and post-tsunami profile measurements of island, beach and reef topography, and GPS surveys of the planform shape of islands and beaches of 11 uninhabited islands in South Maalhosmadulu atoll, Maldives. Erosional and depositional impacts were observed on all islands and these have been quantified. In general the changes were of a minor nature with a maximum reduction in island area of 9% and average of 3.75%. Rather, the tsunami accentuated predictable seasonal oscillations in shoreline change, including localised erosion reflected in fresh scarps and seepage gullies. Depositional features in the form of sand sheets and sand lobes emplaced on the vegetated island surfaces provide clear evidence that the tsunami waves washed over parts of all the islands. Both erosional scarps and overwash deposits were concentrated at the tsunami-exposed eastern sides of the islands. Impacts on leeward shores were primarily accretionary, in the form of spit and cuspate foreland extension. Whereas the nature and magnitude of intra-and inter-island impacts was variable, an east to west decline in aggregate effects was noted. Detailed consideration of the morphodynamic interaction between the tsunami waves and island morphology, show that this cross-atoll gradient resulted not just from the reduction in tsunami energy as it passed through the atoll, but also from variations in elevation of the encircling island ridge, and the quantity and distribution of sediment in the antecedent beach. A conceptual model identifying the sequence of changes to individual islands supports the observational data and the pattern of geomorphic changes resulting from the tsunami. This model leads to consideration of the longer-term impacts of the tsunami on the future stability of islands. Four scenarios are presented, each of which has a different island-beach sediment budget, and different relaxation time to achieve dynamic equilibrium.