对流云降水过程中地形作用的数值模拟

该文利用地形追随坐标三维云模式，对湖北的一次对流降水过程进行了平坦地面和理想斜坡地形的模拟试验。结果发现平坦地面模拟的回波强度、最大降水强度和累积降水都与实况有相当的差距。理想地形的对流过程虽然不能模拟出对流群中多单体的生消过程，但最大降水强度和累积降水都比平坦地面的大，更接近实测结果。模拟试验表明，在地形坡度较大时，会产生较强的上升气流，从而使系统对流发展旺盛，产生较大的降水和较强的回波。所以在模拟山区和丘陵地带的对流系统时，采用地形坐标并考虑地形将会改善模式的模拟结果。     

Understanding historical coastal spit evolution: A case study from Spurn,East Yorkshire,UK

Globally sandy coastlines are threatened by erosion driven by climatic changes and increased storminess. Understanding how they have responded to past storms is key to help manage future coastal changes. Coastal spits around the world are particularly dynamic and therefore potentially vulnerable coastal features. Therefore, how they have evolved over the last few centuries is of great importance. To illustrate this, this study focuses on the historical evolution of a spit at Spurn on the east coast of the UK, which currently provides critical protection to settlements within the Humber estuary. Through the combination of digitized historical mapping and luminescence dating, this study shows that Spurn has been a consistent coastal feature over at least the past 440 years. No significant westward migration was observed for the last 200 years. Results show a long-term extension of the spit and a decrease in its overall area, particularly in the last 50 years. Breaches of the neck cause temporary sediment pathway changes enabling westward extension of the head. Use of digitized historical maps in GIS combined with OSL dating has allowed a more complete understanding of long-term spit evolution and sediment transport modes at Spurn. In doing so it helps inform future possible changes linked to pressures, such as increases in storm events and sea-level rise. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

夏季青藏高原对流系统移出高原的气象背景场分析

利用1998-2004年6-8月共21个月的ISCCP对流路径集资料,结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和TRMM 3B42降水资料,采用合成统计分析方法,对夏季生成于青藏高原（高原）地区的对流系统进行了分类对比分析,目的在于研究各类高原对流系统动热力场的水平和垂直结构特征,探讨各类对流系统能否移出高原的气象背景场差异。结果表明,夏季高原对流系统主要生成于青藏高原中东部,存在两个高发中心。夏季高原对流系统按照对流系统的移动路径可以分为未移出高原、向南移出高原和向东移出高原3类。高原对流系统的移动、发展和生成源地没有直接关系,主要决定于气象背景场。当生成的高原对流系统上升运动强、水汽条件优越时,其强度不断增大,利于对流系统维持发展并移出高原,如果这类高原对流系统处于强西风气流控制下,容易向东移出高原,如受较强偏北风气流影响,则容易向南移出高原;而当生成的高原对流系统上升运动弱、水汽条件不理想时,其强度不断减弱,不利于对流系统发展移动,高原对流系统在高原区逐渐消亡。      

High temporal and spatial resolution observations of meso-scale features of pre- and mature summer monsoon cloud systems over Bangladesh

Meso-scale characteristics of disturbances that bring about atmospheric disasters in pre- and mature monsoon seasons in Bangladesh are analyzed. Several types of meteorological instruments capable of observations with high temporal and spatial resolutions were introduced for the first time in this area to capture the meso-scale structure of rainfall systems. We installed an automatic weather station (AWS) and several automatic raingauges (ARGs) and utilized the weather radar of Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD). From the radar image in the summer of 2001 (16–18 July), a striking feature of the systematic diurnal variation in this area was elucidated. In these 3 days, the diurnal evolutions of convective activity were remarkably similar to each other, implying that this pattern can be understood as a typical response of local cloud systems to the diurnal variation of insolation under some summer monsoon situations. The ARG data show the difference in characteristics of rainfall between pre- and mature monsoon seasons. The short intense downpour tends to occur more frequently in the pre-monsoon season than in the mature monsoon season. The pre-monsoon rainfall also has clear diurnal variation with a peak that is more strongly concentrated in time. In the northern part the rainfall peak is found in between midnight and early morning, while it is observed in the daytime in central to western parts of the country. Two disaster cases caused by meso-scale disturbances are analyzed. Although they occurred in the same season, the structures of the cloud systems were largely different from each other. The disturbance brought about tornadoes on 14 April 2004, consisting of many spherical cloud systems of approximately 20 km size. On the other hand, another one that caused the tragic river water transport accident on 23 May 2004 had meso-scale rain band structure. The latter case was captured by the AWS located at Dhaka. Sudden changes in temperature, wind and pressure were observed clearly, showing the typical structure of convective rain bands.     

Losses from sleet storms in the United States

Increasing losses of life and property and damages to the environment due to sleet and related winter storm conditions have increased the need for long-term sleet storm data to better assess the point and regional risks of sleet and their long-term variations. The areas of greatest losses and frequency of catastrophes caused by sleet during 1971–2007 are the Northeast and Central regions of the U.S. These two regions experienced 72% of all the nation’s sleet losses. Most of the western U.S. had no damaging sleet-related events or losses. When sleet losses occurred, they tended to be in 2, 3, or 4 adjacent states. Sleet catastrophes were most common in January with 15 of the 30 events. The earliest storm occurred in October and the latest in March. The temporal distributions of catastrophes and their losses during 1971–2007 were similar. Both showed a secondary peak in 1976–1979, a low in 1988–1991, and then high values during the 1996–2007 period. The temporal distributions of damaging storms and losses indicate an upward trend over time.     

遥感在沙尘暴监测领域中的应用

沙尘是全球气溶胶系统的主要特征之一,其对地表辐射收支平衡具有显著影响。在过去的几年中,卫星遥感技术已被广泛应用于空气质量监测。本文整理了不同传感器在该领域中的应用,并分析提出了新的理论和方法。文中提供了一份国内外对雾霾监测研究的简要概述,并有针对性地评估了各种方法和经典指数。最后提出一些观点和建议,希望提高遥感在探测全球沙尘暴事件中所起到的作用。     

泰山CD与济南SA天气雷达探测强冰雹风暴参数对比分析

利用泰山CD雷达和济南SA雷达探测资料,对2016年6月13—14日和9月11日4个长寿命强冰雹风暴参数进行了对比分析。结果表明,4个强冰雹风暴成熟阶段济南SA雷达探测到的DBZM值都在60 dBZ以上,C-VIL值基本在50 kg·m-2以上,TOP值基本在9 km以上, 0613平阴风暴和0614章丘风暴不仅持续时间相差不多,而且DBZM、C-VIL、TOP值基本相近,DBZM基本在 64 dBZ以上,最大达到70 dBZ,C-VIL基本在60 kg·m-2以上,最大在80 kg·m-2左右,TOP值基本在10～5 km以上;SA雷达和CD雷达监测到的风暴参数有明显差异,SA雷达观测到的强风暴DBZM、C-VIL和TOP值明显大于CD雷达观测到的值,特别是DBZM和C-VIL在风暴强盛阶段差异更加明显,风暴强盛阶段, SA和CD雷达观测到的0613阳谷风暴、0613平阴风暴、0614章丘风暴和0911高青风暴的DBZM平均差值分别为10 dBZ、10 dBZ、9 dBZ和7 dBZ,C-VIL平均差值分别为30 kg·m-2、28 kg·m-2、29 kg·m-2和28 kg·m-2。造成强风暴参数差异性的主要因素是大的粒子或者强降雨对CD雷达电磁波强烈衰减,同时泰山CD雷达的地理环境和观测模式也是原因之一。     

夏季青藏高原热力场和环流场的诊断分析——Ⅱ:环流场的主要特征及其大型垂直环流场

本文使用经过青藏高原气象科学实验测站观测资料订正过的欧洲中心FGGE-Ⅲb资料,对1979年7月月平均进行分析,计算了垂直速度、散度、垂直剖面函数和速度势函数等物理量以及上升气流轨迹,给出了夏季高原主体地区环流场的主要特征和详细的高原地区不同经纬度剖面垂直环流场的特征和分布. 配合夏季高原高层强大稳定的反气旋高压带,高原主体地区为整层上升气流区,但ω场有东西两个上升中心,它们是两个对流活动上升中心,两部的中心位于狮泉河和改则之间偏北的地区,东部的位于那曲一带. 本文给出了高原地区三个主要的经向环流圈(南北两侧下沉的小环流圈、跨赤道的季风环流圈)的经度位置和高原地区与西太平洋之间发生遥相关的主要纬度位置,发现在跨赤道的季风环流圈中,在赤道以南的下沉气流主要来自高原与15°N之间,从高原上升的气流仅在对流层上部(200hPa左右)跨过赤道.从高原西部上升的气流往往从非洲至印度尼西亚一带跨过赤道,而从高原东部及其东侧我国大陆上升的气流往往下沉在太平洋和北大西洋地区.     

Accretion of a New England (U.S.A.) Salt Marsh in Response to Inlet Migration, Storms, and Sea-level Rise

Sediment accumulation rates were determined at several sites throughout Nauset Marsh (Massachusetts, U.S.A.), a back-barrier lagoonal system, using feldspar marker horizons to evaluate short-term rates (1 to 2 year scales) and radiometric techniques to estimate rates over longer time scales (¹³⁷Cs,²¹⁰Pb,¹⁴C). The barrier spit fronting theSpartina-dominated study site has a complex geomorphic history of inlet migration and overwash events. This study evaluates sediment accumulation rates in relation to inlet migration, storm events and sea-level rise. The marker horizon technique displayed strong temporal and spatial variability in response to storm events and proximity to the inlet. Sediment accumulation rates of up to 24 mm year⁻¹were recorded in the immediate vicinity of the inlet during a period that included several major coastal storms, while feldspar sites remote from the inlet had substantially lower rates (trace accumulation to 2·2 mm year⁻¹). During storm-free periods, accumulation rates did not exceed 6·7 mm year⁻¹, but remained quite variable among sites. Based on¹³⁷Cs (3·8 to 4·5 mm year⁻¹) and²¹⁰Pb (2·6 to 4·2 mm year⁻¹) radiometric techniques, integrating sediment accumulation over decadal time scales, the marsh appeared to be keeping pace with the relative rate of sea-level rise from 1921 to 1993 of 2·4 mm year⁻¹. At one site, the²¹⁰Pb-based sedimentation rate and rate of relative sea-level rise were nearly similar and peat rhizome analysis revealed thatDistichlis spicatarecently replaced this onceS. patenssite, suggesting that this portion of Nauset Marsh may be getting wetter, thus representing an initial response to wetland submergence. Horizon markers are useful in evaluating the role of short-term events, such as storms or inlet migration, influencing marsh sedimentation processes. However, sampling methods that integrate marsh sedimentation over decadal time scales are preferable when evaluating a systems response to sea-level rise.     

登陆热带风暴较强与较弱降水环境场实例的对比分析

对在青岛登陆后给青岛及周边地区造成暴雨、大暴雨及特大暴雨的1997年7号热带风暴(9907)与在同一地点登陆，过程降雨量仅为中雨的2002年9号(0209)热带风暴环境场作对比分析，结果表明：大的环流背景的不同导致了热带风暴登陆时其登陆点(青岛)的低层辐合高层辐散、上升运动速度、低层水汽通量辐合、湿层厚度以及位势不稳定度等物理量场不同，因而造成降水强度的不同。