宁夏两次低涡暴雨过程边界层方案的敏感性试验

利用中尺度数值模式WRF选取3种边界层参数化方案（YSU、MYJ和ACM2）对2018年8月20日和2019年8月2日宁夏两次低涡暴雨过程进行敏感性试验,对比分析不同边界层参数化方案对暴雨过程模拟的影响。结果表明：YSU和MYJ方案对暴雨的预报性能均较优,ACM2方案对强降水的空报率较大;YSU方案对逐时中等强度降水的模拟效果更优。YSU方案对低涡系统的移动路径和中心强度模拟效果最好。相比ACM2方案,YSU和MYJ方案对环境场物理量和边界层内水汽混合比的模拟更接近实况,并且YSU方案能准确地反映边界层内位温分布特征。YSU与ACM2方案的湍流混合强度更强,后者维持较强湍流的时间更长。总体上,YSU方案对宁夏低涡暴雨过程的模拟效果最优。     

Preliminary Evaluation of a Revised Zhang-McFarlane Convection Scheme Using the NCAR CCM3 GCM

l. IntroductiOnThe parameterizat1on of atmospheric convection is one of the most challenging issues inglobal climate modeling. Since convection interacts strongly with clouds and the large--scalecirculation, its representation in GCMs has a tremendous impact on the slmulation of theglobal climate and its variations. For example, in the National Center for Atmospheric Re-search (NCAR) Community Climate Model Version 2 (CCM2), excessive surface 1atent heatflux in the tropics was simulate…     

边界层参数化和湿过程对切变线低涡发展影响的中尺度模拟

1981年8月14至22日,在青藏高原东侧陕、甘、川毗邻区,出现了一次持续暴雨过程.对其主过程的涡度诊断表明,切变线低涡初生於青藏高原东侧低空,其后,不仅出现了高、低空涡度中心的叠加和耦合过程,而且在行星边界层(PBL)内发生了迅速加强过程.这种过程与切变低涡的持续发展相伴. 一系列48和72小时中尺度数值模拟结果揭示:只有高分辨PBL参数化的湿物理过程,才能较好地模拟出切变低涡在PBL内的突然加强及其涡度演变和垂直结构;而总体PBL参数化,虽然其涡度演变和垂直结构也能基本模拟出来,但不能模拟出切变线低涡在PBL内的迅速加强;总体PBL参数化干过程的模拟结果指出,该方案较前两种湿过程方案均差,特别是被模拟系统的强度明显减弱,位置偏离. 模拟与诊断和观测之间的比较揭示,尽可能仔细地改进PBL参数化和湿物理过程,才有可能改进对这类中尺度系统发生和发展的模拟.     

夏季青藏高原热力场和环流场的诊断分析——Ⅱ:环流场的主要特征及其大型垂直环流场

本文使用经过青藏高原气象科学实验测站观测资料订正过的欧洲中心FGGE-Ⅲb资料,对1979年7月月平均进行分析,计算了垂直速度、散度、垂直剖面函数和速度势函数等物理量以及上升气流轨迹,给出了夏季高原主体地区环流场的主要特征和详细的高原地区不同经纬度剖面垂直环流场的特征和分布. 配合夏季高原高层强大稳定的反气旋高压带,高原主体地区为整层上升气流区,但ω场有东西两个上升中心,它们是两个对流活动上升中心,两部的中心位于狮泉河和改则之间偏北的地区,东部的位于那曲一带. 本文给出了高原地区三个主要的经向环流圈(南北两侧下沉的小环流圈、跨赤道的季风环流圈)的经度位置和高原地区与西太平洋之间发生遥相关的主要纬度位置,发现在跨赤道的季风环流圈中,在赤道以南的下沉气流主要来自高原与15°N之间,从高原上升的气流仅在对流层上部(200hPa左右)跨过赤道.从高原西部上升的气流往往从非洲至印度尼西亚一带跨过赤道,而从高原东部及其东侧我国大陆上升的气流往往下沉在太平洋和北大西洋地区.     

一个适合青藏高原地区的修改了的郭型积云参数化方案

本文利用复杂地形条件下的有限区域模式和1979年6－7月的FGGEⅢb级资料，首先检验的原修改了的郭型积云参数化方案（下称原方案）在青藏高原地区的预报效果。然后根据其存在的问题，结合该地区积云活动的特点，应用修改了的Kirshnamurti多元回归方法，考虑中尺度水汽辐合，由该地区的散度、层结稳定度拟合了增湿系数b和中尺度水汽辐合参数η（下称新方案）。最后用新方案作了9例24小时预报和诊断分析。结果表明：原方案在高原地区的降水预报明显偏大；而新方案改进了高原和我国东部地区的降水及形势场的预报。同时，高原地区的增湿系数b和对流加热、增湿垂直廓线也更为合理。     

灰化法与微波消解法处理地电化学泡塑样品的分析效果对比研究

当前普遍使用灰化法对地电化学泡塑样品进行预处理,但可能存在高温下某些元素(如Hg、As)挥发损失的缺点。本文选择了内蒙古洛恪顿热液型铅锌多金属矿床一条地电化学勘查剖面,开展灰化法及微波消解法处理地电化学泡塑样品的勘查效果对比研究,采用原子荧光光谱和高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱测定其中的主要元素。结果表明:①对于Zn、Cu、Fe、La等十余种元素,两种处理方法取得的异常模式基本一致,可根据实际工作需求任选一种方法进行样品预处理;②对于Au、Pb等元素,微波消解法因为取样量小,可能存在较严重的样品均匀性、代表性及分析检出限等问题,应采用灰化法;③对于Hg,灰化法存在显著的元素损失,更适合采用微波消解法;④对于As,两种方法均存在较大问题,建议参考植物样品尝试使用硝酸及高氯酸直接溶解等方法进行预处理。     

The (ir)relevance of transaction costs in climate policy instrument choice: an analysis of the EU and the US

This article assesses the relevance of ex post transaction costs in the choice of climate policy instruments in the EU (focusing mainly on the example of Germany) and the US. It reviews all publicly available empirical ex post transaction cost studies of climate policy instruments broken down by the main private and public sector cost factors and offers hypotheses on how these factors may scale depending on instrument design and other contextual factors. The key finding from the evaluated schemes is that it is possible to reject the hypothesis that asymmetries in ex post transaction costs across instruments are large and, thus, play a pivotal role in climate policy instrument choice. Both total and relative ex post transaction costs can be considered low. This conjecture differs from the experience in other areas of environmental policy instruments where high total transaction costs are considered to be important factors in the overall assessment of optimal environmental policy choice. Against this background, the main claim of this article is that in climate policy instrument choice, ex post transaction cost considerations play a minor role in large countries that feature similar institutional characteristics as the EU and the US. Rather, the focus should be on the efficiency properties of instruments for incentivizing abatement, as well as equity and political economy considerations (and other societally relevant objectives). In order to inform transaction cost considerations in climate policy instrument choice in countries that adopt new climate policies, more data would be desirable in order to enable more robust estimates of design- and context-specific transaction-cost scaling factors.

Policy relevance

The findings of this study can help inform policy makers who plan to set up novel climate policy instruments. The results indicate that ex post transaction costs play a minor role for large countries that feature similar institutional characteristics as the EU and the US. For instrument design the focus should rather be on efficiency properties of instruments in incentivizing abatement, as well as equity and political economy considerations (and other societally relevant objectives).     

WRF模式不同云微物理参数化方案对东亚夏季风模拟影响的研究

利用WRF v3.2.1模式,采用其中5种云微物理参数化方案对2007—2011年的东亚夏季风气候进行了模拟研究,结果显示:5种方案均能较好地模拟出我国东部地区夏季降水的基本分布,但各方案对降水中心强度及其分布的模拟仍然存在明显的差异,总体来看,WDM6方案模拟的东亚夏季降水强度明显比其他4种方案大,而Morrison方案对降水的模拟总体效果好于其他4种方案。从云微物理角度来看,5种云微物理参数化方案均能比较合理地描述云水、雨水及冰相粒子的空间分布状态。其中,WSM3方案计算的云水、雨水质量混合比明显比其它方案大,WDM6方案计算的云水质量混合比则较小,而Morrison方案计算的雨水质量混合比较小,再者该方案冷云中霰粒子浓度偏小,因而Morrison方案在粤闽两省的夏季日降水量模拟比其他方案小,从而与TRMM观测结果更为接近。采用5种云微物理参数化方案均能较好地模拟出春、夏季西太平洋副高、雨带和大气水凝物在东亚地区的季节进退过程。5种方案模拟的雨水粒子浓度分布和中纬度雨带在南北进退过程中的位置较为吻合,两者均跟随西太平洋副高北进、南退。对于中低纬度存在的大降水中心来说,其位置少动,并且与该地区存在的的冰晶、雪晶粒子的高值中心具有较好的对应关系,说明在中低纬度地区,与热带对流相伴随的较高层次的冰相粒子数的浓度是决定降水强弱的关键因素。     

Review of Development and Application of High Resolution Global Climate System Model

Climate models have been used as an important tool to quantitatively study climate variability and to predict or project climate change in the future. One of the most important pathways for development and improvement of climate system model is to increase the spatial resolution and improve the corresponding physical parameterization schemes, which is very important for understanding climate change and improving climate prediction skill. Based on a brief introduction of the importance of developing high-resolution global climate system model, a review of recent progresses in the development and application of high-resolution models was summarized. The paper also introduced the current situation and problems for the development and evaluation of high-resolution models and focused on the key scientific and technical bottlenecks which restrict the development of high-resolution models, including the development of dynamic framework of the high-resolution ocean and atmospheric models and massive high performance parallel computing, the improvement of the sub-grid physical parameterization scheme, and mesoscale air-sea interaction. Meanwhile, the scientific objects and experiments design of the international high resolution climate model intercomparison project (HiResMIP) of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) was introduced. Finally, we prospect the future developments and evaluations of high-resolution climate models in China was proposed.     

分辨率和陆面方案对长江流域短期气候预测影响

利用区域气候模式RegCM4.5,分别选取不同陆面参数化方案和空间分辨率,对5个长江流域降水异常年份进行短期气候回报试验,分析对气温和降水预测效果的影响及其最优组合。结果表明:空间分辨率的提高可以改善流域降水和气温的预测性能;而不同陆面方案引起的地表净辐射能量分布不同及其地表蒸散差异,最终导致流域内气温和降水预测效果不一致。RegCM（CLM4.5+30 km）对流域内小雨预测结果最好,而RegCM（BATS+30 km）预测流域内大雨和暴雨效果最优;RegCM（CLM3.5+30 km）对流域内气温预测能力最好。