卫星遥感人工增雨作业条件 I: 对流云

利用卫星反演技术和云微物理分析方法,针对云微物理结构和降水形成过程探讨可播性、播撒方式,通过对不同类型对流云分析,归纳出4类可播云系,分析表明:1)重污染深厚对流云,当云底粒子有效半径小于7 μm、凝结增长带深厚、降水启动厚度大于20℃、碰并增长带薄、无雨胚带、晶化温度低于-30℃时,可播撒吸湿性核或播撒AgI.2)强上升冰雹云,若云外型强对流特征明显、各增长带增长缓慢、无雨胚带、晶化温度低于-30℃,且云顶附近存在明显的有效半径减小带,可播撒吸湿性核或播撒AgI.3)强上升强降水对流云,云底滴较大,通常大于10 μm,碰并增长较为充分,晶化温度低,一般低于-30℃,冰晶化延迟明显,冷云降水发展不充分,通过在0℃层附近播撒AgI促进冷云降水.4)污染性浅薄对流云,当云底有效半径小于10 μm、凝结增长带深厚、碰并增长带薄、无雨胚带、云顶有效半径小于14 μm、云厚3～6km,可播撒吸湿性核.     

On the Determination of the Neutral Drag Coefficient in the Convective Boundary Layer

Based on the idea that free convection can be considered as a particular case of forced convection, where the gusts driven by the large-scale eddies are scaled with the Deardorff convective velocity scale, a new formulation for the neutral drag coefficient, C_Dn, in the convective boundary layer (CBL) is derived. It is shown that (i) a concept of C_Dn can still be used under strongly unstable conditions including a pure free-convection regime even when no logarithmic portion in the velocity profile exists; (ii) gustiness corrections must be applied for rational calculations of C_Dn; and (iii) the stratification function used in the derivation of C_Dn should satisfy the theoretical free-convection limit. The new formulation is compared with the traditional relationship for C_Dn, and data collected over the sea (during the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) and the San Clemente Ocean Probing Experiment (SCOPE)) and over land (during the BOREX-95 experiment) are used to illustrate the difference between the new and traditional formulations. Compared to the new approach, the traditional formulation strongly overestimates C_Dn and z_o in the CBL for mean wind speed less than about 2 m s^-1. The new approach also clarifies several contradictory results from earlier works. Some aspects related to an alternate definition of the neutral drag coefficient and the wind speed and the stress averaging procedure are considered.     

一次阻塞型华北对流性暴雨过程的诊断分析和数值模拟

利用常规和地面加密气象观测资料、卫星云图、NCEP再分析资料及中尺度模式MM5,对2006年7月23日一次阻塞型华北暴雨过程进行了诊断分析和数值模拟。结果表明,此次暴雨过程发生在以东西伯利亚阻塞高压为典型特征的大尺度鞍型场的背景下,宽广的低压区及高、低空急流次级环流为中尺度对流系统(MCS)的发生、发展提供了适宜的环境和动力强迫;700hPa和850hPa天气尺度的偏西水汽输送和低涡北侧的偏东水汽输送改善了环北京地区的水汽条件,暴雨发生前850hPa中尺度西南水汽输送对北京暴雨的发生有直接影响;MM5模式再现了导致MCS的形成及演变过程;中-β尺度MCS是这次暴雨的直接触发系统,其水平尺度约为0.5个经距,垂直方向由地面伸展到300hPa左右,具有典型的暖心结构,辐合、辐散中心分别位于900hPa和400hPa;MCS北侧强垂直次级环流为强对流的产生创造了有利条件。同时,MCS南侧相当位温的强梯度高能区及该区域的不稳定能量输送也是暴雨发生的重要条件。     

A Large-Eddy Simulation and Lagrangian Stochastic Study of Heavy Particle Dispersion in the Convective Boundary Layer

Large-eddy simulation and Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models were used to study heavy particle dispersion in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The effects of various geostrophic winds, particle diameters, and subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence were investigated. Results showed an obvious depression in the vertical dispersion of heavy particles in the CBL and major vertical stratification in the distribution of particle concentrations, relative to the passive dispersion. Stronger geostrophic winds tended to increase the dispersion of heavy particles in the lower CBL. The SGS turbulence, particularly near the surface, markedly influenced the dispersion of heavy particles in the CBL. For reference, simulations using passive particles were also conducted; these simulation results agreed well with results from previous convective tank experiments and numerical simulations.     

A sensitivity of squall-line intensity to environmental static stability under various shear and moisture conditions

Squall lines develop in various climate regions having diverse environmental profiles of wind shear, moisture, and temperature. In order to explore the sensitivity of squall lines to these environmental profiles, we have performed an extensive set of numerical simulations under various shear and moisture conditions in midlatitude-continental and tropical–oceanic temperature environments. From the results of the sensitivity simulations and the analyses of the environmental parameters, it is found that the static stability in a convectively unstable layer is of primary importance in determining the strength of squall lines. Under temperature environments having the same static stability, convective available potential energy (CAPE) and precipitable water content (PWC) well describe the squall-line intensity. Vertical shear also plays an important role in determining the squall-line structure as well as the intensity through the interaction with surface cold pool. The combination of the static stability in a convectively unstable layer, CAPE, and PWC should be examined in diagnosing the intensity of squall lines that develop with an optimal shear for their environment.     

对流和层状云系电活动,对流及降水特性的相关分析

通过对６次不同云系电特性、回波、对流及降水特性的综合分析，探讨了它们之间的相关性。结果表明：除不稳定能量外，－１０℃层和０℃层高度以及他们之间的高度差、０℃层与云顶的高度差也是表征雷暴动力和电特性的重要参量；雷暴云起电过程对冰相作用有较强的依赖性；雷暴中的电活动与对流活动成正相关，闪电多发生在３０ｄＢｚ强回波高度大于－１０℃层高度时段内，强烈的电活动与强降雨有很好的对应关系，而与一般性降雨对应关系较差；在雷暴消散期，闪电可能会影响雷暴的特性     

A MASCOTTE-based characterization of MCSs over Spain, 2000–2002

A 3-year Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) database, which extends from 2000 to 2002, has been built for the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands using the objective method MASCOTTE (MAximum Spatial COrrelation Technique). It was originally developed to track the evolution of convective systems over the Amazon region; after modifications, it is able to track MCS evolution even with an hour and a half of missed images and provides essential information of both dynamical and morphological characteristics of MCSs. MASCOTTE is tested against a visual and subjective method, and is found to offer advantages such as automation and a simple and efficient operation that make it very useful for building large MCS databases.Thirty-five MCSs were found between June and October, most of them originated along the Mediterranean coast and near the Pyrenees, showing an increasing occurrence from June to September, when the maximum is found. The regions most influenced by MCS occurrences are Balearic Islands, Valencia, Catalonia, Murcia and the Basque Country. The MCSs tend to be small, short-lived and linear, usually moving eastward or northeastward with low velocities.The MCSs-associated precipitation presents high variability, ranging from 80 to 0 mm h⁻¹ as maximum hourly records. Two different convective regions are identified based on MCS behavior in extreme precipitation events: Northern Spain (the Basque Country) with abundant and continuous precipitation regime but little MCS influence, and the Mediterranean coast, where precipitation is sporadic but much more intense.     

人工增雨降温机理的数值模拟研究: 对流云个例试验

为减轻夏季用电负荷,2004年我国许多省市实施了碘化银催化增雨降温作业。本文利用数值模拟方法讨论了强对流云(冰雹云)催化降温的机理。模拟结果表明,实施碘化银催化后,地面降雨量增加、降雹量减少、地面温度降低。催化使得云中冰晶、霰和雨水的含量增加,造成云雨蒸发、霰的融化(蒸发)及冰晶升华量增加,从而使空气温度降低。     

Equilibrium Evaporation and the Convective Boundary Layer

A theory is developed for surface energy exchanges in well-mixed, partlyopen systems, embracing fully open and fully closed systems as limits.Conservation equations for entropy and water vapour are converted intoan exact rate equation for the potential saturation deficit D in a well-mixed, partly open region. The main contributions to changes in D arise from (1) the flux of D at the surface, dependent on a conductance g_q that is a weighted sum of the bulk aerodynamic and surface conductances; and (2) the exchange flux of D with the external environment by entrainment or advection, dependent on a conductance g_e that is identifiable with the entrainment velocity when the partly open region is a growing convective boundary layer (CBL). The system is fully open when g_e/g_q , and fully closed when g_e/g_q 0. The equations determine the steady state surface energy balance (SEB) in a partly open system, the associated steady-state deficit, and the settling time scale needed to reach the steady state. The general result for the steady-state SEB corresponds to the equations of conventional combination theory for the SEB of a vegetated surface, with the surface-layer deficit replaced by the external deficit and with g_q replaced by the series sum (g_q ^-1 + g_e ^-1)^-1. In the fully open limit D is entirely externally prescribed, while in the fully closed limit, D is internally determined and the SEB approaches thermodynamic equilibrium energy partition. In the case of the CBL, the conductances g_q and g_e are themselves functions of D through short-term feedbacks, induced by entrainment in the case of g_e and by both physiological and aerodynamic (thermal stability) processes in the case of g_q. The effects of these feedbacks are evaluated. It is found that a steady-state CBL is physically achievable only over surfaces with at least moderate moisture availability; that entrainment has a significant accelerating effect on equilibration; that the settling time scale is well approximated by h/(g_q + g_e), where h is the CBL depth; and that this scale is short enough to allow a steady state to evolve within a semi-diurnal time scale only when h is around 500 m or less.     

一次暴雨天气过程分析

本文对2013年8月7日发生在黑龙江省中、东部地区的一次分散性暴雨天气过程进行了分析,通过卫星云图、多普勒雷达资料以及动热力条件等情况,详细讨论分析了此次暴雨天气产生的原因。结果表明:本次暴雨过程是中小尺度系统产生的对流性降水,强的热力不稳定层结是中小尺度系统发生发展的背景条件;暴雨以地面暖锋为触发机制,暖锋在黑龙江省南部停留时间长,是本次对流性降水过程持续时间较长的主要原因。