全球六边形离散格网的矢量线数据绘制精度控制

全球离散格网系统是一种新型的地球空间数据模型,是平面格网模型在球面上的扩展。由于六边形的几何结构优势,经常被用于球面离散格网的构建。在平面格网向球面映射过程中,因球面的不可展性,格网上的距离和方向都会发生巨大变化,导致矢量数据球面格网化绘制的精度无法得到保证,这成为矢量数据在全球离散格网显示的一个重要瓶颈,直接制约了球面格网上空间度量关系的建立。本文针对全球六边形离散格网上矢量线数据的绘制问题,研究了平面-球面映射过程,对直线方向影响的统计变化规律,对矢量线数据的格网化表达进行了精度控制,使得平面格网上的矢量绘制方法,能在球面格网上进行高精度的绘制,并保证矢量数据的球面格网绘制误差严格控制在当前层次格网的一个单元内,为格网化数据的高精度显示和格网空间度量的建立奠定了理论基础。     

Application of an intelligent model developed from experimental data to building design for fire safety

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are widely adopted to simulate the behavior of fire. However, CFD suffers from the shortcoming of requiring extensive computer storage and a lengthy computational time. In practical applications, although comprehensive field information on velocities, temperatures, pressure, and the fractions of different constitutes can be obtained from CFD simulations, the user may only be interested in few important parameters that index the performance of a compartment design in the event of a fire. The height of the thermal interface (HTI) is one such key index, and refers to the average height above floor level inside a fire compartment at which the temperature gradient is highest. In practice, a fire compartment is considered untenable when the HTI drops below the respiratory level of the occupants, and in optimizing the design of a fire system, another set of design parameters (e.g., the width of the door opening) must be examined if the HTI of a fire compartment design is evaluated by CFD as being too low. This trial and error exercise then continues until a close to optimum set of design parameters is achieved. This approach is theoretically feasible, but requires lengthy computational time. This paper proposes the application of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach as a fast alternative to CFD models to simulate the behavior of a compartment fire. A novel ANN model named GRNNFA has been specially developed for fire studies. It is a hybrid ANN model that combines the General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) and Fuzzy ART (FA). The GRNNFA model features a network structure that grows incrementally, stable learning, and the absence of the noise embedded in experimental fire data. It has been employed to establish a system response surface based on the training samples collected from a full-scale experiment on compartment fire. However, as the available training samples may not be sufficient to describe the behavior of all systems, and especially those involving fire data, this paper proposes that extra knowledge be acquired from human experts. Human expert network training has thus been developed to remedy established system response surface problems. After transforming the remedied system response surface to the problem domain, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is applied to evaluate the close to optimum set of design parameters.     

关于图解(航测)法在浙江省土地确权中精度影响因素的探讨

开展土地确权登记是贯彻党的"十八大"精神,开展不动产登记的重要内容,是中央的重大决策部署。农业部经过多年试点颁发了土地确权标准,是基于全国统盘考虑的。浙江省人多地少,且地块面积小,大多数分布在丘陵山区地带,通过图解法能否满足土地土地确权标准要求,笔者通过对某地区的试验,得出结论与体会,以飨读者。     

高精度测频方案设计

介绍了一种基于数字频率计原理 ,以AT89C5 1单片机为控制器件的新型频率测量方法。论述了基本原理和软硬件实现 ,并对其误差进行了分析。克服了通用频率计由于± 1MSB误差在高低频段测量精度不等的缺陷 ,实现了高低频率的等精度测量。由于此方法具有高精度、低成本、易改进的特点 ,因此具有一定的实用性。     

地震数据采集器关键技术研究

介绍为满足地震监测要求而应用于地震数据采集器设计的一些关键技术,详细分析影响地震数据采集器的信噪比、时钟精度和标定系统精度的原因,并提出相关设计方法,给出设计实例.     

FACTORS IMPACTING THE ACCURACY OF APATITE(U-TH)/HE DATING

Apatite (U-Th)/He dating has gained popularity since its rejuvenation as geochronometry and thermochronometry applied in the deduction of the geological processes of the upper-three-km crust.However,this irreplaceable method,which has the lowest known closure temperature (~70℃),sometimes is suffering from large dispersion and deviation because of its dating theory,its analytical method,and its diffusion process.In this paper,we summarized ten factors impacting the accuracy of (U-Th)/He dating.They are grain size,fluid and mineral inclusions,α-particle ejection,α-particle implantation,U-Th zonation,radiation damage,chemical composition,samarium concentration,multiple thermal events,and U-series disequilibrium.We discussed how these ten factors would affect the (U-Th)/He ages and how to reduce and/or avoid the deviation caused by them.The factors of grain size (different size,different diffusion domain) and inclusions (parentless ⁴He) can be suppressed in the procedure of grain selection under binocular.It is the precise measurement of a homogenous crystal that endows the (U-Th)/He dating method credible due to the correction of α-particle ejection based on the dimension of crystals.The possible implantation of α-particles can be evaluated by the negative correlation of age and eU (eU=[U]+0.235[Th]).U-Th zonation,a heterogeneous distribution of parent nuclides,makes the correction of α-particle ejection inaccurate;besides,this factor also amplifies the side effects of radiation damage and grain size.LA-ICP-MS can detect this phenomenon.Radiation damage outstands when the samples experience reheating or long residence time in partial retention zone (40~70℃),indicated by the positive correlation between age and eU/[⁴He].Apatite (U-Th)/He age can be entangled by higher Cl content,with which the crystal accumulates more radiation damage,leading to a larger age,meanwhile this factor needs more investigation.Having larger half-life than U-series nuclides,the ¹⁴⁷Sm is not a big problem in the dating of a large timescale,while more precise event needs the data of ¹⁴⁷Sm in the age calculation.The multiple thermal events should be evaluated to exclude thermal perturbation,when applying the (U-Th)/He geo/thermochronology to the deduction of a particular thermal event.U-series disequilibrium has an impact on the ages smaller than 1Ma,making the age results larger than the true one.U-series disequilibrium method and mineral couples can solve this problem.Inclusion,α-particle ejection and implantation,and U-Th zonation are at the mercy of analytical methods.The factors stemming from helium diffusion in the crystals are grain size,radiation damage,Cl content,multiple thermal events.The dating theory of (U-Th)/He method renders U-series disequilibrium and ¹⁴⁷Sm outstand as side effects in some specific conditions.It would be our pleasure if this paper could provide some useful information for the works relevant to this dating method.     

地面三维激光扫描仪测量精度的评价分析

针对地面三维激光扫描仪用于城市轨道交通变形监测的精度评价,本文研究了三维激光扫描仪本身、外界环境和被扫描目标3个误差源,对三维激光扫描仪的测距和测角精度进行了评定,并通过试验分析了三维激光扫描技术用于轨道交通变形监测可行性。     

顾及观测质量的多系统融合PPP三维凸包选星算法

从卫星空间构型出发,构建多系统融合PPP的三维凸包选星算法;为进一步改善多系统融合PPP的定位性能,提出顾及观测质量的三维凸包选星思路;最后结合实测数据验证并分析各自的选星效果和定位性能。     

Camera system considerations for geomorphic applications of SfM photogrammetry

The availability of high‐resolution, multi‐temporal, remotely sensed topographic data is revolutionizing geomorphic analysis. Three‐dimensional topographic point measurements acquired from structure‐from‐motion (SfM) photogrammetry have been shown to be highly accurate and cost‐effective compared to laser‐based alternatives in some environments. Use of consumer‐grade digital cameras to generate terrain models and derivatives is becoming prevalent within the geomorphic community despite the details of these instruments being largely overlooked in current SfM literature. A practical discussion of camera system selection, configuration, and image acquisition is presented. The hypothesis that optimizing source imagery can increase digital terrain model (DTM) accuracy is tested by evaluating accuracies of four SfM datasets conducted over multiple years of a gravel bed river floodplain using independent ground check points with the purpose of comparing morphological sediment budgets computed from SfM‐ and LiDAR‐derived DTMs. Case study results are compared to existing SfM validation studies in an attempt to deconstruct the principle components of an SfM error budget. Greater information capacity of source imagery was found to increase pixel matching quality, which produced eight times greater point density and six times greater accuracy. When propagated through volumetric change analysis, individual DTM accuracy (6–37 cm) was sufficient to detect moderate geomorphic change (order 100 000 m³) on an unvegetated fluvial surface; change detection determined from repeat LiDAR and SfM surveys differed by about 10%. Simple camera selection criteria increased accuracy by 64%; configuration settings or image post‐processing techniques increased point density by 5–25% and decreased processing time by 10–30%. Regression analysis of 67 reviewed datasets revealed that the best explanatory variable to predict accuracy of SfM data is photographic scale. Despite the prevalent use of object distance ratios to describe scale, nominal ground sample distance is shown to be a superior metric, explaining 68% of the variability in mean absolute vertical error. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA     

Design optimisation of Propeller Boss Cap Fins for enhanced propeller performance

Economic pressures and regulatory requirements have brought about a great interest in improving ship propulsion efficiency. This can be exercised by installing Energy Saving Devices (ESD) such as Propeller Boss Cap Fins (PBCF). This paper demonstrates an approach for optimising PBCF by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. The conducted Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) CFD open water model tests were validated by comparison with experimental data until the simulation was deemed satisfactory within the capabilities and limitations of the model. A design and optimisation procedure was defined to analyse the impact of ESDs on propeller efficiency and then used to evaluate the influence of alternative geometric parameters and locations of the PBCF on the hub. This analysis was done at full scale using high fidelity CFD-based RANS methods. Outcomes of the study include a design and optimisation process that can be used for the analysis of other ESDs on the market. The influences of various PBCF geometry were examined with optimal solutions presented for the analysis case. Results indicated a net energy efficiency improvement of 1.3% contributing to a substantial minimisation of cost and energy consumption. A reduction in the hub vortex was also clearly identified and presented.