渤海中部和渤海海峡及邻近海域浮游植物群落结构的初步研究

对渤海调查区浮游植物的群落及其动力学进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,浮游植物群落主要由硅、甲藻组成 ,也有少数的蓝藻、绿藻和硅鞭藻出现 ,其生态类型主要为温带近岸型。粒级大小以微型浮游植物为主 ,依次为小型浮游植物 (包括网采浮游植物 )、微微型浮游植物。浮游植物群落的平面分布与各环境因子密切相关 ,其中水体中化学和生物相互作用所形成的浮游植物团块是其平面分布的主要特征。调查海域存在三个典型的浮游植物区划 :渤海海峡区、渤海湾区和黄河河口区。追踪实验的结果表明 ,调查区浮游植物群落短周期 (几天 )的变化是由关键种所驱动而非优势种。渤海海峡浮游植物群落的周年变化为双周期型 ,春季水华主峰出现在 4月 ,而秋季次高峰出现在 9月。春季浮游植物以小型细胞硅藻占优群落为主 ,秋季以大型细胞硅藻 甲藻联合占优群落为主。群落季节和周年的变化以种类演替 (speciessuccession)为主而非种类接替 (speciessequence)。与历史调查资料相比 ,1 998— 1 999年的观测表明浮游植物群落由硅藻占绝对优势逐渐转变为硅藻 甲藻共存为主的群落。甲藻的占优以及绿藻在特定时期的普遍出现反映了渤海海区营养盐结构比例变化对海区生态系统结构的影响 ,氮 /磷比率的增加和硅 /氮比率的降低是造成这一结果的     

云南省雷电灾害易损性分析及区划

利用云南省124个气象台站1971—2005年年平均雷暴日数资料及2001—2005年雷电灾害资料,从灾害易损性的角度出发,对云南省雷电灾害进行系统的分析研究,计算了各州市的雷击密度、雷击灾害频数、经济易损性指标、生命易损性指标,最后进行了综合评估,初步形成了云南省雷灾易损性区划。结果表明,某一地区雷击灾害的发生及其造成的损失情况既与该地所处的地理位置、大气环境状况有关,也与该地人口密度、经济发展状况有关。所形成的区划对各地防御和减轻雷电灾害,采取有效管理措施提供了比较客观的科学依据。     

区域滑坡灾害风险评价方法研究

回顾了滑坡灾害风险评价研究进展,指出了现有评价方法的不足。然后提出了基于土地利用类型的滑坡灾害易损性评价方法,建立了针对滑坡灾害的防灾减灾能力评价指标体系,并给出了具体评价方法。最后提出了基于G IS的区域滑坡灾害风险评价流程以及滑坡灾害风险等级确定方法。     

Analysis of community structure of a microbial consortium capable of degrading benzo(a)pyrene by DGGE

A microbial consortium was obtained by enrichment culture of sea water samples collected from Botan oil port in Xiamen, China, using the persistent high concentration of a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons enrichment strategy. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to investigate the bacterial composition and community dynamic changes based on PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes during batch culture enrichment. Using the spray-plate method, three bacteria, designated as BL01, BL02 and BL03, which corresponded to the dominant bands in the DGGE profiles, were isolated from the consortium. Sequence analysis showed that BL01, BL02 and BL03 were phylogenetically close to Ochrobactrum sp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively. The degradation of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a model high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (HMW PAH) compound was investigated using individual isolates, a mixture of the three isolates, and the microbial consortium (BL) originally isolated from the oil port sea water. Results showed that the order of degradative ability was BL > the mixture of the three isolates > individual isolates. BL degraded 44.07% of the 10 ppm BaP after 14 days incubation, which showed the highest capability for HMW PAH compound degradation.Our results revealed that this high selective pressure strategy was feasible and effective in enriching the HMW PAH-degraders from the original sea water samples.     

结合天然地震推导水库地震的建筑物易损性

通过类比的方法,选择有现场调查资料并有建筑物破坏比结果的天然地震,基于地震中建筑物震害表现的一致性,以震级、震源深度和极震区烈度为标准,聚类得到与水库地震震害相似的天然地震震例。考虑到宏观经济水平与地震经济损失已有的统计模型,采用了人口密度、人均GDP和三产比例等3个宏观经济指标来反映不同地区的建筑物总体抗震水平,以加权海明(Hamming)距离来定义已知矩阵与目标矩阵的近似度,最终的加权结果即为待求地区的易损性矩阵。通过实际检验,所得的建筑物易损性关系能够反映水库地震的破坏特点,较中强天然地震的易损性要高。这种工作思路也可以用于水库地震其它方面的研究中     

Regional differences of vulnerability of food security in China

In view of food affordability and the threshold for food security, this paper has established an integrated index for assessing the vulnerability of food security in China, which is composed mainly of the balance between food supply and demand, the reserve for food security and the economic capacity for offset food demand. Six types of food security regions are identified based on the data from county-level statistics. At regional scale, China’s food security is not optimistic. Under normal conditions without the emergence of extreme disasters and decline of grain-sown areas, China’s most vulnerable areas (Type VI) account for 30.3% of the total number of counties (cities), which are unable to meet the ends by food productivity or market based measures at subsistence levels. In China, there are only 14.5% of the counties (cities) that could guarantee well-off food security through grain production (Type I) or economic measures to meet the demand by themselves (Type III). According to the different vulnerable levels of food security and its dominant forming factors, vulnerable regions of food security in China could be classified into three categories: (1) Vulnerable regions of food security dominated by natural factors (including Type IV and Type VIa), which account for 39.4% of the total number of counties (cities), mainly located in fragile ecologic zones, i.e., farming-grazing transitional zones in the marginal areas of summer monsoon, the poor hilly areas in southern China and so on; (2) Vulnerable regions of food security dominated by low ratio of grain-sown areas (including Type VIb and Type V), which account for 16.7% of the total number of counties (cities), mostly located in the developed areas in the eastern coast of China; (3) Potential vulnerable regions of food security with underdeveloped local economies (Type II), of which 57% are the main grain-surplus regions in China, mainly located in the areas of plains and basins with favorable climate.     

Community collaboration and climate change research in the Canadian Arctic

Research on climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation, particularly projects aiming to contribute to practical adaptation initiatives, requires active involvement and collaboration with community members and local, regional and national organizations that use this research for policy-making. Arctic communities are already experiencing and adapting to environmental and socio-cultural changes, and researchers have a practical and ethical responsibility to engage with communities that are the focus of the research. This paper draws on the experiences of researchers working with communities across the Canadian Arctic, together with the expertise of Inuit organizations, Northern research institutes and community partners, to outline key considerations for effectively engaging Arctic communities in collaborative research. These considerations include: initiating early and ongoing communication with communities, and regional and national contacts; involving communities in research design and development; facilitating opportunities for local employment; and disseminating research findings. Examples of each consideration are drawn from climate change research conducted with communities in the Canadian Arctic.     

沿海区域水灾脆弱性及风险的的初步分析

在理清自然灾害风险系统构成的基础上,总结其风险评估的三种方法:基于历史数据、指标体系和情景模拟。文章采用由果及因的演绎思路,据历史灾情参考全球尺度灾害风险评估国际计划做脆弱性的评估,探讨水灾脆弱性的区域分异规律,并分析其社会经济因素。由于历史数据局限,引入信息扩散的模糊数学方法,对沿海各省区的受灾率进行风险评估,并将区域风险与脆弱性的次序进行对比,表明:脆弱性是风险的重要组分,减少脆弱性可有效降低风险,但探寻灾害发生规律、降低人类社会的暴露性,也是减少灾害风险的必要环节。     

矿业城市社会系统脆弱性研究——以阜新市为例

矿业城市面临着严峻的群体性贫困、集体性失业和人居环境恶劣等社会问题,具有明显的脆弱性特征.在对社会系统脆弱性内涵进行界定的基础上,以阜新市5个辖区作为研究单元,选取资源型产业从业人员比重和城镇登记失业率为敏感性分析指标,从经济水平、教育水平、生活质量、社会保障等方面选取应对能力指标,构建了脆弱性评估模型,并对阜新市社会系统脆弱性程度进行了定量评估.结果表明,2005年阜新市社会系统呈现中等脆弱,但各辖区社会脆弱性差异较大.其中,社会脆弱性指数最大的是太平区,其次是新邱区,而海州区最低.     

洪水灾害脆弱性研究进展

洪水灾害是当今世界最严重的自然灾害之一,洪灾经济损失及风险评估是防洪减灾领域的一项基础性工作,而脆弱性的确定是评估模型的关键.文章在对自然灾害脆弱性评估方法总结的基础上,着重对洪水情景模拟中代表脆弱性的灾损率曲线开展探讨.对灾损曲线的起源、建立方法和综合运用的趋势进行研究.国外保险业与政府开展此类工作较早,相比于国外已经取得的丰硕研究成果而言,国内灾损率研究远远不能为决策提供有效的指导,这与我国面临的巨大洪灾风险不相称.政府、保险等部门与科研工作急需结合起来,填补城市洪灾脆弱性研究空白,多参数综合调研、深入各种承灾体内部系统而细致地开展灾损率调查,对于减少未来洪灾影响,具有非常重要的实际意义.