2014年春末黄海中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的呼吸率与油脂积累

春末是黄海冷水团中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)度夏种群形成的关键时期。在此期间,中华哲水蚤C5期桡足类幼体(简称C5期)的油脂积累程度关系到种群能否顺利度夏。本文从呼吸率、油囊体积以及种群组成等角度,对春末黄海冷水团内外以及冷水团区表、底层的中华哲水蚤进行比较研究。结果表明,2014年5月底黄海冷水团初步形成,此时冷水团区中华哲水蚤C4和C5期幼体丰度占总体的62%—93%,种群处于度夏前的准备阶段。冷水团区C5期的平均呼吸率是近岸C5期的68%,同时冷水团底层C5期的油囊体积百分数是近岸种群的2.4倍。由此推测,冷水团区次表层较厚的温跃层(19—25m,0.3—0.5°C/m)以及冷水团的低温环境有利于C5期幼体降低呼吸消耗,进而增加油脂的积累。此外,冷水团区表、底层C5期的呼吸率相近,但底层C5期油囊体积百分数为表层的1.9—4.2倍,积累大量油脂的C5期偏向在冷水团底部活动。     

Diagnosis of the forcing of inertial-gravity waves in a severe convection system

The non-hydrostatic wave equation set in Cartesian coordinates is rearranged to gain insight into wave generation in a mesoscale severe convection system. The wave equation is characterized by a wave operator on the lhs, and forcing involving three terms—linear and nonlinear terms, and diabatic heating—on the rhs. The equation was applied to a case of severe convection that occurred in East China. The calculation with simulation data showed that the diabatic forcing and linear and nonlinear forcing presented large magnitude at different altitudes in the severe convection region. Further analysis revealed the diabatic forcing due to condensational latent heating had an important influence on the generation of gravity waves in the middle and lower levels. The linear forcing resulting from the Laplacian of potential-temperature linear forcing was dominant in the middle and upper levels. The nonlinear forcing was determined by the Laplacian of potential-temperature nonlinear forcing. Therefore, the forcing of gravity waves was closely associated with the thermodynamic processes in the severe convection case. The reason may be that, besides the vertical component of pressure gradient force, the vertical oscillation of atmospheric particles was dominated by the buoyancy for inertial gravity waves. The latent heating and potential-temperature linear and nonlinear forcing played an important role in the buoyancy tendency. Consequently, these thermodynamic elements influenced the evolution of inertial-gravity waves.     

一次飑线过程的雨滴谱特征研究

利用4台Thies激光雨滴谱仪组成的观测网和CINRADA/SA多普勒雷达观测资料,通过单点雨滴谱和积分参数时间序列分析、以及γ谱拟合参数和Z-R关系等的统计分析,研究成熟平行层状飑线不同部位雨滴谱和积分参数的演变特征。结果表明,不同部位雨滴谱和积分参数演变特征存在明显差别,但有一致的基本特征,即在雨强增大阶段为较小的小粒子数浓度,较大的大粒子数浓度和谱宽,而雨强减弱阶段为较大的小粒子数浓度,较小的大粒子数浓度和谱宽,所以,雨强增大阶段具有较低的雨滴浓度和较大的雷达反射率因子,以及较小的γ谱斜率参数λ和形状参数μ。但有时雨强减弱阶段存在较大的大粒子数浓度和谱宽,因此,具有较大的雷达反射率因子;统计表明,γ谱三参数N0、μ、λ与雨强的关系可以用幂函数拟合, N0随雨强增大而增大,μ、λ随着雨强的增大而减小。λ-μ关系可以用二次多项式拟合,对流云Z-R关系为Z=324R1.60。不同部位雨滴谱演变特征的差异对Z-R关系等统计关系影响明显,但对λ-μ关系影响较小。平行层状飑线不同部位雨滴谱和积分参数演变特征与拖曳层状飑线对流带典型雨滴谱演变特征类似,但也存在一些明显差别,这些差异是否与平行层状飑线动力结构的不同有关,尚需进一步的研究。      

江苏沿江地区一次强冰雹天气的中尺度特征分析

利用常规气象资料、卫星、多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达等资料,对发生在江苏沿江地区一次强冰雹天气形势背景、环境热动力条件、强冰雹发生前地区环境场变化、超级单体雷达回波中尺度特征等进行了详细分析。结果表明:(1)在东北冷涡槽后干冷气流影响下,中高层干冷、低层暖湿的不稳定层结,高低空急流以及地面辐合系统的配置为此次强对流天气的产生提供了有利热动力条件;高CAPE值、逆温层、低层适当水汽条件及较强的深层垂直风切变有利于强冰雹天气的发生。(2)利用多普勒天气雷达、风廓线仪数据反演垂直分布的物理量场(平均散度、平均垂直速度、相对风暴螺旋度、垂直风切变)能够反映本站上空环境场的快速变化情况:强对流系统移入本站前雷达站上空逐渐调整为低层辐合、中高层辐散的风场配置结构,螺旋度和垂直风切变数值逐渐增加,表明环境场有利于强对流系统的维持发展。(3)强降雹超级单体除具有三体散射现象、入流缺口等雷达回波中尺度特征外,持久深厚的中气旋存在造成了显著的有界弱回波区和高悬垂强回波区。应用双多普勒雷达风场反演技术揭示了超级单体内部环流结构:低层气旋性旋转,中层旋转加强,高层风场辐散。超级单体内部涡旋特征的出现和维持有利于支撑空中大冰雹的增长。     

一次华北飑线的阵风锋天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料、加密自动站观测资料和雷达探测等资料,对2013年8月4日晚上华北一次飑线的阵风锋引发的雷暴、大风等强对流天气的特征和成因进行了分析,结果表明:地面冷锋与前倾槽的配置构成了有利的大尺度环流背景,地面中尺度高压外流冷空气与环境风场形成的中尺度辐合线,使得对流活动加剧,促使新的雷暴生成或加强。飑线成熟阶段具有明显的波动特征,并向右向发展。阵风锋首先产生于飑线的强雷暴群前,并随着飑线的增强而增强;阵风锋的维持主要依靠风暴持续的下沉气流,下沉气流减弱后阵风锋会随之减弱。飑线及阵风锋过境时均伴有气象要素的剧烈变化,在系统发展强盛时,阵风锋过境气象要素的变化幅度大于飑线的变化,其余时段则偏弱。飑线减弱以后,阵风锋还会维持一段时间,这需要加强系统的监测。     

MODULATION OF MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION ON TIBETAN PLATEAU VORTEX

This study uses NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data, NOAA outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) data, the real-time multivariate MJO (RMM) index from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and Tibetan Plateau vortex (TPV) data from the Chengdu Institute of Plateau Meteorology to discuss modulation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) on the Tibetan Plateau Vortex (TPV). Wavelet and composite analysis are used. Results show that the MJO plays an important role in the occurrence of the TPV that the number of TPVs generated within an active period of the MJO is three times as much as that during an inactive period. In addition, during the active period, the number of the TPVs generated in phases 1 and 2 is larger than that in phases 3 and 7. After compositing phases 1 and 7 separately, all meteorological elements in phase 1 are apparently conducive to the generation of the TPV, whereas those in phase 7 are somewhat constrained. With its eastward propagation process, the MJO convection centre spreads eastward, and the vertical circulation within the tropical atmosphere changes. Due to the interaction between the mid-latitude and low-latitude atmosphere, changes occur in the baroclinic characteristics of the atmosphere, the available potential energy and eddy available potential energy of the atmosphere, and the circulation structures of the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and surrounding areas. This results in significantly different water vapour transportation and latent heat distribution. Advantageous and disadvantageous conditions therefore alternate, leading to a significant difference among the numbers of plateau vortex in different phases.     

IMPACT OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION ON THE GENESIS OF TROPICAL INCIPIENT VORTEX OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA: A CASE STUDY

Based on 6-hourly sensible heat flux and latent heat flux from the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and circulation data from the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), the initial developing process of tropical cyclone Mindulle (1005) in 2010 has been diagnosed to reveal the impact of air-sea interaction over the South China Sea (SCS) on the genesis of its incipient vortex. The results show that the incipient vortex first occurred east of the Luzon Island on 0000 UTC 20 August, suggesting that the topographic forcing of the Luzon Island for easterly winds over the western Pacific might be one of the factors responsible for the formation of the incipient vortex. During the formation stage of the incipient vortex, strong southeasterlies over the SCS caused warm water of the middle and eastern SCS to flow toward the Luzon Island due to Ekman transport resulting from wind stress, leading to an increase of the sea surface temperature and sensible heat flux into the atmosphere. Although the anomalous sensible heating favored surface pressure to reduce, it was not conducive to the increase of local vorticity associated with the vortex above the heating area because, according to the atmospheric thermal adaptation theory, the anticyclonic vorticity would be created in the lower troposphere due to the decreased vertical gradient of the sensible heating. However, the ascending motions occurred over the eastern area of the anomalous sensible heating due to the augmentation of the vorticity advection with increasing height, causing water vapor to condense in the middle and upper troposphere. In turn, cyclonic vorticity was generated in the lower troposphere due to the increased vertical gradient of the condensation latent heating, resulting in the formation and further growth of the incipient vortex. Therefore, the vorticity creation due to the condensation heating played a dominant role during the subsequent enhancing stage of the incipient vortex.     

改进两步移动搜索法的焦作公共交通可达性

针对大部分城市公交发展滞后、公交站点和公交线路供需不平衡等问题,该文采用统计数据与实调数据相结合的方式,利用两步移动搜索法,从供需的角度研究分析城区公交站点服务的空间可达性。以河南省焦作市为例,以城区街道办为基本研究单元,分别采用固定阈值的简单两步移动搜索法和基于实测数据拟合的增强两步移动搜索法,对焦作市公交设施可达性的空间布局和差异性进行研究。实验结果表明:焦作市城区公交站点服务可达性整体上比较差;城区公共交通资源发展不平衡,空间差异比较明显,公交站点供需相对平衡区域主要集中在城区中心城区,低值区主要集中在城区边缘;增强两步移动搜索法考虑了距离衰减对人们公交出行的影响,更能反映焦作市真实的公交状况。     

提高无定向导线可靠性的新方法

当在孤立点间进行控制点加密时可选择布设成无定向导线。无定向导线的粗差主要来源于孤立点的粗差、观测量的粗差和计算的粗差。孤立点粗差或计算粗差会在全长相对闭合差中表现出来,但若因孤立点本身有粗差而不加检核地被利用则会浪费大量的时间和人力,影响工程进度,即便孤立点和计算没有粗差,且相对闭合差在允许范围内,还是会出现观测量含有粗差的情况。目前,测绘专业对提高孤立点的可靠性都未提出实质性的解决方案,提高无定向导线观测量和计算的可靠性不够全面或工作量较大。本文提出通过增设"通视点"的方法,只需在增加较小工作量的情况下提高无定向导线粗差所有主要来源的可靠性,具有较大的实用价值。     

基于GIS的山地城市建筑高度控制方法及其应用

将自然山体景观的维护作为山地城市建筑高度控制的目标,以研究区域的地表模型(不规则三角网,简称TIN)为基础数据,基于GIS 10.2技术平台,将瞭望点视野中的山脊线下降20%后的高度作为视线高度控制线计算研究区域内建筑高度控制值,以期为山地城市的控制性详细规划和城市设计中的建筑高度控制提供技术参考。最后,以河南省登封市新区为例,应用此方法来绘制该地区的建筑高度控制栅格图。通过设置像元分辨率的大小,本方法也可用于山地城市修建性详细规划中建筑设计方案的比较。