EFFECTS OF TROPOPAUSE AND POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANOMALY ON FRONTOGENESIS

A two-dimensional,semi-geostrophic numerical model incorporating the tropopause andstratosphere is used to investigate the effects of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and latentheat release on the frontogenetic process and the structure of the resulting frontal zone.It isdemonstrated that(1)the inclusion of tropopause and stratosphere significantly changes the frontalstructure only in the upper levels;(2)a clearly defined quasi-equivalent barotropic structure and aregion of upward motion of finite width appear when a positive potential vorticity anomaly exists onthe warm side of the maximum baroclinity in the lower troposphere,especially when it is locatedon the south edge of the baroclinic zone;(3)the above mentioned structure deteriorates as thefrontogenesis proceeds in a dry atmosphere but can be maintained in a moist frontogenetic processwith condensational heating;(4)the combination of a positive potential vorticity anomaly and thelatent heat release is able to accelerate the frontogenesis significantly with the time needed to forman intense frontal zone reduced to less than 15 h.The results have significant theoreticalimportance in understanding the complex nature of frontal structure and frontogenesis,especiallyin understanding the dynamic structure of the subtropical frontal zone observed during earlysummer over East Asia.     

青藏高原对形成江南“倒春寒”过程的影响的数值试验

利用一个有较高水平分辨率的有较完整物理过程的五层谱模式（T42L5），研究了青藏高原对形成长江以南的“倒春寒”过程的影响。结果表明，在春季，青藏高原的动力作用有利于北来冷空气沿其东侧南下，又有利于其东南侧的南支低槽的形成和维持，而高原东侧的背风坡作用利于南支槽的加深及东移而影响长江以南地区，使之易于出现并维持低温过程，并有倒春寒天气过程发生。     

对南海季风进退及强度的气候分析

根据南海及其附近地区的海面和高空气象资料,计算了南海的季风指数分布和月、季变化,并根据低空流场分析了季风的来源和进退趋势,对季风的推进路径和强度变化作了讨论。结果表明:南海夏季风首先出现于泰国湾,然后由西南向东北扩展,最早影响南海的夏季风是来自副热带高压南侧的东南气流,其后是通过90°E、105°E附近的越赤道气流;在南海夏季风盛行后,印度季风才并入。对冬季风的强度、厚度和影响范围,也进行了较详尽的分析。     

The relationship between geology and landforms along a coastal mountain front,northern Calabria,Italy

The geomorphology of the central Coastal Range, a north-south trending horst along the west coast of northern Calabria, is governed largely by major faults, fault scarps and the distribution of principal rock types, as well as by a variety of slope processes operative in a Mediterranean climate. Segments of the major rivers and streams have three principal orientations parallel to major faults in the study area: northwest right-oblique slip faults (oldest); E-W oblique slip faults; NE left-oblique slip faults; and north-south right oblique normal faults (youngest), all of which cut pre-Tertiary metamorphic rocks, Mesozoic limestone, Miocene molasse and calcarenite. Small, underfit alluvial fans, composed chiefly of locally derived debris flow detritus, are present at the mouths of large, west-flowing canyons, some of which reach eastward to the crest of the mountain range. Not only do the north-south normal faults displace rocks and structures of all orientations, but they also make steep scarps in the small alluvial fans and in sediments of the coastal plain. Locally, some of the scarps are buried by recent debris flow deposits. Incipient young rivers utilized the weaknesses along the major faults and cracks as avenues of erosion. Smaller streams and gullies generally flowed westward downflank of the north-trending horst and incised, thereby, deep, V-shaped canyons; some of them have captured older, SW-flowing canyons. Locally, they were guided in other directions where they encountered faults or tectonic fractures. The rocks present a varied resistance to erosion, depending upon the degree of cementation by groundwater salts, upon the orientation of the foliation, and upon the rocks themselves. Thus, mica schist with a relatively flat foliation forms nearly vertical sea cliffs, but the sea cliffs are more gentle where the foliation is steep or dips towards the sea. Therefore, downslope movements are facilitated by seaward slip on foliation, schistosity, bedding and fault surfaces, and are evinced especially by large and deep pre-Holocene landslides (Sackung) in phyllite having areal dimensions up to 2 Km². Other downslope processes include surficial creep and soil slip, particularly of highly fractured phyllite and schist, block sliding and rock falls.     

应用气象卫星NOAA-AVHRR图像进行植被研究的多时相途径

本文讨论了应用NOAA-AVHRR数字图像研究植被季相变化和进行植被分类的多时相方法。对生长季节的各时相植被指数VI图像进行图像分割,可揭示植被绿锋的进退和季相变化及其在空间上的表现。对多时相的植被指数VI图像进行主成分变换,据第一主成分的直方图各特征峰的形状和位置进行图像分割,可获得植被景观图,这一结果与现行的植被分布图相当一致。     

1991年江淮特大暴雨的位涡分析与冷空气活动

文章用位涡分析讨论１９９１年５－７月江淮特大暴雨期间的冷空气活动特征及其对暴雨形成的作用，结果表明，在持续的东亚阻塞形势下，中高纬冷空气分三次以低频振荡（１５－２０天）的形式南下、侵入江淮流域。南下冷空气在江淮一带被来自低纬的西南暖气流和东南暖气流所切断，形成一高位涡冷空气中心，它与两支暖气流相互作用，维持梅雨锋，从而形成持续性暴雨。冷、暖空气相互作用的结果使东亚温度场呈现南北暖、中间冷的形式。      

The Political Geography of the Post Cold War World*

The end of the Cold War is marked by dramatic events like the reunification of Germany and the crisis of the continued existence of the Soviet Union. The current changes alter the fundamental building-blocks of global international order and can be thought of as constituting a geopolitical transition. This collection of essays resulted from a panel discussion held at the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Miami in April 1991. The seven essays present the views of the panel participants on the current geopolitical transition and their expectations about the nature of the new world order.     

GRAPES_YY模式发展及其对梅雨锋降水模拟的性能检验

GRAPES_YY是在球面准均匀阴阳网格动力框架基础上发展起来的全球非静力模式，目前已耦合全套物理过程参数化方案，具备了中期天气预报能力。为了解模式对环流和降水的实际预报效果，检验模式对多尺度天气系统的预报能力和误差分布特征，以ERA-interim资料和逐时地面融合降水产品为参考，对1个月（2018年6月中旬—7月中旬）批量试验结果和一次长江流域梅雨个例（7月4—7日）模拟结果进行分析。结果表明:在改进上边界条件基础上，模式有较好的稳定性，短期预报时效内对全球环流和降水刻画准确，模式24 h累计降水纬向平均成功再现了低纬度和中纬度地区的两个降水峰值，但对低纬度对流性降水和中纬度格点尺度降水预报偏强。其次，模式成功模拟出7月4—6日中国东部梅雨雨带位置、走向及南北摆动，整体上能正确反映主要天气系统的移动演变，但受分辨率限制以及湿物理过程影响，暴雨以上量级降水还存在强度预报偏弱、位置偏北的问题。GRAPES_YY模式模拟结果基本合理可信，对中低纬度梅雨锋降水的预报能力较GRAPES_GFS略有改善。      

降雨入渗下非饱和坡残积土湿润锋运移试验研究

我国东南沿海地区丘陵山地发育，降雨入渗到土体中的水分是导致滑坡灾害频发的关键因素。以福建省泉州市德化县地质灾害点为主要研究对象，考察典型地质灾害点具有代表性的坡积土与花岗岩残积土的渗透特性。利用自行研制的土体入渗装置，分别在降雨强度为15、30、60 mm/h条件下，考虑降雨历时一致（180 min）与过程降雨量一致（90 mm）两种工况开展一维土柱入渗试验，得到相应的各个土柱含水率、湿润锋、入渗率随时间变化的响应规律。试验结果表明：（1）土体渗透系数越大、雨强越大，土体湿润蔓延距离越深、速度越快。（2）降雨入渗过程中，土体含水率由浅及深逐次对降雨进行响应。不同雨强对含水率的影响主要体现在第一次响应时间以及饱和速度上，雨强越大，响应时间越快，饱和速度也越快。（3）提出可表征在不同雨强作用下，德化县马坪滑坡与崩土岭滑坡的湿润锋入渗公式。该研究成果对台风暴雨型滑坡的孕灾机制分析以及精细化监测预警具有重要的理论及实际意义。