广东"5.24"暴雨的湿有效能量分析

利用海峡两岸及邻近地区暴雨试验期间的时间加密观测资料，分析了1998年5月24日发生在广东省的一次暴雨过程。发现湿有效能量与此次暴雨降水的关系比较清楚。降水开始前，暴雨区的能量显著增加，强降水开始于能量显著减少时；强降水时，暴雨区的能量出现小幅反弹；当暴雨区能量再次显著减少后暴雨降水结束；这是一次能量锋暴雨，暴雨开始前有能量锋生现象发生，暴雨强降水时段与强能量锋同步，暴雨区位于高能舌北侧能量锋附近。     

中国长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨形成机理以及监测与预测理论和方法研究

国家重点基础研究发展规划项目“我国重大天气灾害形成机理与预测理论研究”经过项目全体科学家的 5a研究 ,取得了一系列重要的研究成果 :(1)提出了基于多种实时观测资料的梅雨锋暴雨的多尺度物理模型 ;(2 )建立了梅雨锋暴雨的天气学模型 ;(3)梅雨锋是由多个不同尺度系统构成的梅雨锋系 ,它具有介于温带锋系结构与热带辐合带结构之间的副热带锋系结构 ,在长江中下游有时可表现为双锋结构。锋前的湿物理过程与锋上强对流系统发展形成的正反馈过程以及梅雨锋系的不同尺度系统的相互作用是梅雨锋维持与发展的重要机制 ;(4 )提出了多种中尺度暴雨的定量卫星遥感反演理论和方法 ,并形成一系列新的反演产品 ;(5 )成功地研究了双多普勒雷达同步探测和反演中尺度暴雨三维结构的理论和方法 ;(6 )发展了配有三维变分同化系统的中尺度暴雨数值预报模式系统 ,在 2 0 0 3年淮河抗洪救灾中发挥了积极作用。上述研究成果表明该项目已经圆满地完成了预定的目标与任务。     

阵风锋自动识别算法的试验研究

利用江苏省6部S波段全相参多普勒天气雷达测得的2007-2011年28个阵风锋观测实例,检验多普勒天气雷达的阵风锋自动识别算法的效果。该算法主要包括熵函数模板的反射率强度边界识别、风切变算法,并综合依据径向速度及谱宽进行阵风锋识别。在阵风锋的识别中,多普勒速度的径向切变有利于判别雷达波束垂直于阵风锋边界的辐合,旋转切变可更好地显示平行于波束的阵风锋边界。在参与检测的28个个例中,成功检测出的有13个;因雷达资料质量影响,7个个例检测出部分阵风锋;8个个例未检测到阵风锋。经过检验,该算法的识别效果较好,但仍存在一些不足,需要进一步完善雷达资料的质量控制,和对低层弱切变特征的提取研究。     

水合物地层中考虑相变的轴对称热传导问题

沉积层中水合物热分解是一个含有水合物相变的热传导过程,相变界面的演化过程是水合物分解规律及相关灾害分析的最基本问题。文中在试验观测和分析实际物理过程的基础上,建立了水合物沉积层中混相多相变阵面多区域的热传导理论模型,并针对轴对称问题进行了系列数值模拟;模型试验测定了四氢呋喃水合物沉积物中不同热源温度下水合物相变阵面的演化过程。通过对比,水合物分解相变阵面扩展的数值与试验结果吻合较好。     

Contrasting stratified plutons exposed in tilt blocks, Eldorado Mountains, Colorado River Rift, NV, USA

Roof-to-floor exposures of mid-Miocene plutons in tilt blocks south of Las Vegas, NV, reveal distinct but strongly contrasting magma chamber statigraphy. The Searchlight and Aztec Wash plutons are well-exposed, stratified intrusions that show a similar broad range in composition from 45–75 wt.% SiO₂. Homogeneous granites that comprise about one-third of each intrusion are virtually identical in texture and elemental and isotopic chemistry. Mafic rocks that are present in both plutons document basaltic input into felsic magma chambers. Isotopic compositions suggest that mafic magmas were derived from enriched lithospheric mantle with minor crustal contamination, whereas more felsic rocks are hybrids that are either juvenile basaltic magma+crustal melt mixtures or products of anatexis of ancient crust+young (Mesozoic or Miocene?) mafic intraplate.

Despite general similarities, the two plutons differ markedly in dimensions and lithologic stratigraphy. The Searchlight pluton is much thicker (10 vs. 3 km) and has thick quartz monzonite zones at its roof and floor that are absent in the Aztec Wash pluton. Isotopic and elemental data from Searchlight pluton suggest that the upper and lower zones are cogenetic with the granite; we interpret the finer grained, slightly more felsic upper zone to represent a downward migrating solidification front and the lower zone to be cumulate. In contrast, the upper part of the Aztec Wash pluton is granite, and a heterogeneous, mafic-rich injection zone with distinct isotopic chemistry forms the lower two-thirds of the intrusion. Similar mafic rocks are relatively sparse in Searchlight pluton and do not appear to have played a central role in construction of the pluton. Large felsic and composite dikes that attest to repeated recharging and intrachamber magma transfer are common in the Aztec Wash pluton but absent in the Searchlight pluton. Thus, although both intrusions were filled by similar magmas and both developed internal stratification, the two intrusions evolved very differently. The distinctions may be attributable to scale and resulting longevity and/or to subtle differences in tectonic setting.     

Habitat heterogeneity influences cold‐seep macrofaunal communities within and among seeps along the Norwegian margin. Part 1: macrofaunal community structure

Håkon Mosby mud volcano (HMMV) is one of the most active and most studied seep sites in European waters. Many authors have described its thermal activity, dynamic of mud flows, and geochemical and microbial processes. It is characterised by a concentric zonation of successive biogenic habitats related to an activity and geochemical gradient from its centre to its periphery. Around the central area covered by mud flows, white and grey microbial mats occur among areas of bare sediment, whereas siboglinid tubeworm fields of Sclerolinum contortum and/or Oligobrachia haakonmosbiensis colonise the peripheral areas. The meiofaunal community is known to be structured among habitats, but the macrofauna has rarely been investigated and has never been sampled in situ. As part of the European project HERMES, using the ROVs Victor 6000 and Quest 4000, we sampled quantitatively the different habitats of the volcano for macrofauna sensus lato, retained on a 250‐ or 500‐μm sieve. We also sampled a newly discovered pockmark on Storegga slide (cne 5.6) and two pockmarks (G11, G12) in the Nyegga area. Macrofauna was identified and counted from phylum to family level. Our results on HMMV showed a gradient of increasing density and diversity from the volcano centre (1–3 taxa; 260 ind·m^?2) to the peripheral siboglinid fields (8–14 taxa, 93,000 ind·m^?2), with an intermediate situation for microbial mats. For macrofauna ≥500 μm, non‐siboglinid polychaetes dominated the communities of the central mud volcano area, white mats and S. contortum fields (83, 89 and 37% of the total, respectively), whereas gastropods dominated grey mats and O. haakonmosbiensis fields (89 and 44% of the total, respectively). Polychaete families followed the same pattern of diversity according to habitats within HMMV. Of 23 polychaete families identified, only one occurred in the centre, and three in the microbial mats. Capitellidae and Dorvilleidae (typical of organically and sulphide‐enriched areas) occurred at remarkably high densities in white microbial mats and in O. haakonmosbiensis fields. The S. contortum fields were the most diverse habitat with 12 polychaete families. The 250‐μm fraction showed similar taxa dominating the habitats, but taking meiofauna into account, nematodes became the major taxon in white mats and in S. contortum fields, where they were particularly large in size, whereas copepods dominated in other habitats. Meiofauna and macrofauna did not show the same patterns of density according to habitats. Using principal components analysis the habitats at HMMV were clearly distinct, and clustered according to dominant species of siboglinids and type of microbial mats. Pockmarks at Nyegga showed a similar concentric pattern of habitats around fluid sources as on the volcano, which seemed similarly to influence macrofauna composition, but at a much smaller scale. Total taxa and polychaete diversity are high in the S. contortum fields in these pockmarks as well. Regional‐scale comparisons including HMMV and Storegga suggested a higher influence of habitat‐type than seep‐site on the community structure.     

一次梅雨暴过程中潜热的计算分析

本文针对1991年7月5日20时-6日20时一次江淮梅雨过程，计算了潜热的释放，并揭示出潜热具有以下特点：（1）在整个梅雨锋暴雨过程中有大量凝结潜热释放，且在梅雨锋暴雨的强盛时期潜热释放最多。（2）在此次梅雨锋暴雨过程中对流凝结潜热的释放明显大于大尺度稳定凝结潜热的释放，且主要集中在650hPa-550hPa，它的强弱变化与实际降水强度变化成正比。     

Enhanced bioturbation on the down‐drift flank of a Turonian asymmetrical delta: Implications for seaway circulation,river nutrients and facies models

Extant models predict delta front environments down‐drift of river mouths as unfavourable for organisms because of the physico‐chemical stresses caused by sediment and fresh water influx. This study, however, finds evidence for near‐optimal living conditions down‐drift of contemporaneous mouth bars and distributary channels, as well as at the tops of abandoned lobes, in part of the asymmetrical ‘Notom Delta’ complex of the Ferron Sandstone (Turonian, south‐eastern Utah, USA). Presented herein is a sedimentological and ichnological model using thirty‐two detailed measured sections along a 16 km transect through two continuously exposed, ca 10 m thick allomembers containing delta front, mouth bar and distributary channel facies. Azimuths from sedimentary structures show south‐eastward deflection of near‐shore palaeocurrents relative to the inferred north–south shoreline, as well as minor reversal of flow. Two end‐member trace fossil suites are recognized in delta front sandstones: (i) a stressed suite of low abundance, low diversity, diminutive traces reflecting mobile deposit feeding, resting and locomotion behaviours; and (ii) a comparatively unstressed, high abundance, moderate diversity suite with a regular, heterogeneous distribution of deep, vertical or U‐shaped suspension‐feeding burrows which, in places, thoroughly homogenize the sandstones. The down‐drift side of the delta was colonized by suspension feeders during seasonal reversal of the seaway gyre when mud plumes were swept northward or when river‐derived nutrients were sufficiently concentrated relative to fresh water and sediment input. During normal seaway circulation, very high sedimentation rates and mud‐laden, wave‐dampened waters down‐drift of the river mouths heightened the preservation potential of the pervasively bioturbated facies. Up‐drift of the river mouths, these bioturbated facies were either not preserved or not developed until the lobe was abandoned. This alternative model for delta planform asymmetry contributes to the refinement of facies models for deltaic systems and provides a framework for predicting the distribution of bioturbation‐enhanced porosity and permeability in lobe‐deflected deltas.     

改进的湿Q矢量分析方法及梅雨锋暴雨形成机制

利用实测暴雨资料,结合改进的MM4(MMM4)模式模拟输出的加密资料,分别利用改进的湿Q矢量(记为Q*)及改进的湿Q矢量分解(Partitioning),诊断分析了1991年7月5日20:00~6日20:00一次典型的江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程。结果表明,600hPaQ*矢量散度辐合区对同时刻地面降水的强度、落区及不均匀性有很好的指示作用。在整个梅雨锋暴雨过程中,Q*矢量散度辐散、辐合在垂直方向上是相间分布的,它所激发的次级环流可能是诱发梅雨锋暴雨产生的重要因素。进一步研究表明,改进的湿Q矢量分解比“总”Q*矢量更具有诊断意义,可将梅雨锋暴雨的垂直运动场进行有意义的尺度分离,更有利于梅雨锋暴雨的潜在物理机制的评估。在梅雨锋暴雨的不同阶段,对于垂直运动场而言,不同尺度的Q*矢量散度辐合场的强迫作用不同,有主、次之分。基于上述诊断分析结果,本文进而提出梅雨锋暴雨形成的可能物理机制,并给出其概念模式:由于初始大气中大尺度的水汽及垂直运动场的空间分布不均匀,从而造成了大尺度Q*矢量散度辐合,激发出次级环流,进而引发了中尺度Q*矢量散度辐合场的产生,最终产生次级环流,直接导致梅雨锋暴雨的发生。     

Atmospheric Rivers and Mei-yu Rainfall in China:A Case Study of Summer 2020※

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long, narrow, and transient filaments of strong horizontal water vapor transport that can lead to extreme precipitation. To investigate the relationship between ARs and mei-yu rainfall in China, the mei-yu season of 2020 in the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin is taken as an example. An adjusted AR-detection algorithm is applied on integrated water vapor transport (IVT) of the ERA5 reanalysis. The JRA-55 reanalysis and the data from Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) are also utilized to study the impacts of ARs on mei-yu rainfall in 2020. The results reveal that ARs in East Asia have an average length of 5400 km, a width of 600 km, a length/width ratio of 9.3, and a northeastward orientation of 30°. ARs are modulated by the western North Pacific subtropical high. The IVT core is located at the south side of low pressure systems, moving eastward with a speed of 10° d^?1. For the cross sections of ARs in the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin, 75% of the total flux is concentrated below 4 km with low-level jets near AR cores. Moreover, ARs occur mainly in the mei-yu period with a frequency of 20%–60%. The intensity of AR-related precipitation is 6–12 times that of AR-unrelated precipitation, and AR-related precipitation contributes about 50%–80% to total mei-yu precipitation. As shown in this case study of summer 2020, ARs are an essential part of the mei-yu system and have great impacts on mei-yu rainfall. Thus, ARs should receive more attention in research and weather forecast practices.