热带大气季内振荡对中国冬季持续低温事件的影响

利用1959—2011年中国522个站点冬季日平均温度资料,选出期间中国发生的持续低温事件,统计了MJO位于各位相时中国各区域发生持续低温事件的概率,并试图从垂直速度以及经向环流异常入手,研究MJO影响中国冬季持续低温事件的机制。统计研究表明,MJO位于2、3位相时,中国大部分地区发生持续低温事件的概率相对更高。中国北方部分地区在MJO位于5、6位相时,也有相对较高的概率触发持续低温事件。而MJO位于7位相时中国南方地区发生持续低温事件的概率较高。从影响机制看,MJO能够激发出西北向传播的Rossby波,引起局地Hadley环流异常,在副热带亚洲地区激发出大气异常显著的垂直运动,影响东亚地区大气环流形势,进而改变冷空气活动的路径或区域,导致中国冬季的持续低温事件发生概率的变化。     

一次梅雨锋附近“列车效应”致灾大暴雨过程观测分析

2016年7月6日在武汉发生了一次造成城市严重内涝的暴雨过程。本文利用多普勒天气雷达、逐小时地面加密观测资料和EC 0.25°×0.25°细网格模式数据,对这次梅雨锋附近极端暴雨的降水特征、中尺度对流系统演变和暴雨成因等进行了细致分析,结果表明:(1)本次大暴雨是在典型梅雨期环流形势下发生的,副热带高压西北侧的高温、高湿区配合江淮切变线稳定少动,暴雨则出现在西南低空急流风速辐合区,925 hPa西南低空气流的进退有利于东北路冷空气南下,这与雨带的落区和维持有密切联系。(2)梅雨锋狭长雨带上的降水量分布呈现不均匀性,强暴雨主要集中在几个中心,降水中心的分布与梅雨锋附近低层风场扰动有关,梅雨锋雨带上产生大暴雨是一个典型的中尺度对流系统(MCS),沿着西南一东北走向的引导气流移动,湖北特殊地形促使"列车效应"进一步加强。(3)列车线主要由江淮切变线或边界层辐合线附近的中尺度系统扰动形成,地面中尺度气旋性辐合及低空西南急流长时间维持,是形成"列车效应"的主要原因。(4)MCS在雷达回波上有三个明显特征,第一个是MCS在雷达回波形态上属于带状对流,由层状云和列车线共同组成,雨带与西南气流走向一致;第二特征是层状云和列车线移动方向几乎一致,MCS移动方向与列车线走向平行,垂直于列车线的分量很小;第三个是对流单体在列车线上游新生、加强,并向下游移动,对流单体的传播方向和列车线方向相反。(5)西南急流向近地面扩展、"牛眼"结构及风随高度顺转等中尺度系统,促使近地面扰动加强,诱发强降水。     

海风锋在渤海西岸局地暴雨过程中的作用

利用常规观测资料、地面加密自动站资料、多普勒雷达观测资料及中尺度TJ-WRF模式输出资料,对2009年7月6日天津宁河地区出现的暴雨天气过程进行了分析,重点分析了渤海湾海风锋对沿岸局地暴雨的触发机理。结果表明：此次局地暴雨过程是在有利天气背景条件下发生的,暴雨发生地存在局地层结不稳定和较好的水汽条件。海风锋本身有一辐合抬升区,区域内有弱对流存在;当海风锋移到局地存在层结不稳定且水汽充足的区域,其抬升区的辐合上升运动迅速加强,从而触发该地区雷暴的新生发展;海风锋与迎面移来的雷暴相遇,会对雷暴的加速发展起到加强作用。利用中尺度WRF模式输出资料进行分析看到,两条辐合线相交处易激发出强雷暴,雷暴出现在近地层大气暖干区的北端、湿空气的交汇处;海风锋对雷暴的新生发展有明显的触发抬升作用。     

华南暴雨中云物理过程的数值研究

利用“海峡两岸及临近地区暴雨试验”(HU AM EX)取得的观测资料, 使用高分辨非静力平衡中尺度数值模式 M M 5 湿物理显式方案, 模拟研究了 1998 年 5 月 23～ 24 日自粤北移向南海海岸的冷锋及锋前对流云团造成的华南暴雨中的云物理过程。 结果表明, 由于对流形成的具有冰相参加的冷云过程是华南暴雨形成发展的主要云物理过程, 当对流较弱因而只有水相而无冰相的暖云过程只造成范围虽大但强度较弱的降水。     

Sepat台风（0709）登陆过程中眼放大现象研究

台风登陆过程中常发生结构变化,从而引起其强度、路径以及风雨分布等一系列变化,导致登陆台风灾害十分复杂.0709号台风Sepat在穿过台湾岛时结构变化明显,出现了台风眼放大现象.基于上海台风研究所台风资料、FY-Ⅱ卫星半小时一次的遥感资料、台湾雷达逐时合成回波图像以及NCEP每日4次1°×1°格距的再分析资料,研究了Sepat登陆过程中的眼放大现象.结果表明:(1)Sepat登陆台湾后眼墙塌陷、眼消失,但随后在从台湾海峡移向大陆过程中重新出现了台风眼并伴有眼放大现象,眼直径扩展至约600 km;(2)这种眼放大现象,实际上是台风内核区对流云团分裂扩散过程中与外围螺旋云带一起重新发展出的环状结构.台风眼的扩大与眼区下垫面温度降低、低层大气不稳定度减弱、径向外流加强、下沉运动区范围扩大等因素有关;(3)在台风外围,环境干空气侵入台风环流并在其西部形成了弧状湿度锋.锋区既促进对流运动发展,也阻碍了台风眼区云团进一步向外扩散,使对流云团在锋区附近排列成半圆弧状云带,并在台风气旋性环流组织下与台风东部的螺旋云带一起形成了环状眼墙;(4)台风的减弱消亡与其眼区放大现象密切相关.台风眼放大过程中,由于眼内干空气下沉范围加大、对流凝结潜热加热减弱,不利于暖心结构维持,台风强度亦随之衰减.同时,其增强的径向外流在一定程度上阻止水汽能量向台风内核区输入,促使台风内核对流运动的减弱和消亡.     

变形监测中几个涉及测距问题的探讨

本文以平面位移监测为背景，阐述了边长前方交会法精度中的一个歧意，介绍了测距气象改正数的补偿计算方法，以及为便于比较各期距离观测值的变化而设计的仪器定高器．该文对高精度测距工作具有一定的参考价值。     

Operator splitting methods for degenerate convection–diffusion equations II: numerical examples with emphasis on reservoir simulation and sedimentation

We present an accurate numerical method for a large class of scalar, strongly degenerate convection–diffusion equations. Important subclasses are hyperbolic conservation laws, porous medium type equations, two-phase reservoir flow equations, and strongly degenerate equations coming from the recent theory of sedimentation–consolidation processes. The method is based on splitting the convective and the diffusive terms. The nonlinear, convective part is solved using front tracking and dimensional splitting, while the nonlinear diffusion part is solved by an implicit–explicit finite difference scheme. In addition, one version of the implemented operator splitting method has a mechanism built in for detecting and correcting unphysical entropy loss, which may occur when the time step is large. This mechanism helps us gain a large time step ability for practical computations. A detailed convergence analysis of the operator splitting method was given in Part I. Here we present numerical experiments with the method for examples modelling secondary oil recovery and sedimentation–consolidation processes. We demonstrate that the splitting method resolves sharp gradients accurately, may use large time steps, has first order convergence, exhibits small grid orientation effects, has small mass balance errors, and is rather efficient.     

河南长葛南席一次龙卷成因分析及雷达预警初探

利用常规气象资料、四要素自动气象站和多普勒天气雷达资料,对发生在2010 年7 月19 日05 时30 分左右长葛东部南席镇一次罕见龙卷天气成因进行分析,初步探讨如何应用多普勒天气雷达对类似强对流天气进行有效预警。结果表明：此次龙卷天气发生在中空急流与中低层辐合、高层辐散相互配置的有利环境背景下,中低空露点锋和强湿度梯度带为龙卷产生提供触发机制,龙卷产生于干、湿空气交界并靠近湿区一侧;龙卷发生前中气旋表现出较低的底高、逐渐变小的最强切变高度、降低的顶高、较小的方位角方向直径和较强的垂直风切变等特征,初步总结出识别龙卷的雷达探测中气旋预警指标。     

A prominent colour front in False Bay, South Africa: Cross-frontal structure, composition and origin

Colour fronts are a frequent occurrence in False Bay, South Africa, and their occurrence has been the subject of previous study and anecdotal conjecture. The opportunity arose to make a cross-frontal study of this feature in November 2005. Photographs were taken and, subsequently, satellite imagery was obtained. Measurements were made of temperature, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, plant nutrients and chlorophyll a. Cross-frontal comparisons were also made on particulate material using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and elemental dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. Frontal waters were milky white-green in colour, in stark contrast to the adjacent clearer, green-blue waters. The milky white-green water (MW-GW) was found to be warmer, (apparently) less saline, more turbid, richer in nitrate and silicate and had a higher chlorophyll a concentration. The dissolved oxygen signal was less pronounced, both water types being supersaturated. Paradoxically, in spite of the higher turbidity in the MW-GW, both water types had similar weights of suspended solids, although the MW-GW material was found to be more abundant and fragmentary when compared with its green-blue water (G-BW) counterpart. The MW-GW was rich in calcium whereas the G-BW was silicon enriched. The central findings of this study are that the strong southerly, onshore wind conditions prior to MW-GW formation introduced calcium-rich, fine particulates into the waters of the surf-zone. The sources of these particulates are thought to be the sea bed sediments and the sea/land interface. The particulates are close to neutral buoyancy enabling the MW-GW to persist over the time-scale of days. A mechanism reinforced by the warming of this water in the nearshore zone. The water was then advected by wind-forcing and subsequently, its own inertia around the north-west corner of False Bay, at which stage it was easily observed and sampled. It is suggested that the eventual collapse of the front was due to the slowing down of inertial movement in combination with the passive sinking of fine particulates and evaporative cooling resulting in downward convection.