准噶尔盆地冬季一个例低空风、温、湿场的数值模拟

利用美国NCAR非静力平衡模式MM5V3，模拟了新疆准噶尔盆地冬季局地小气候效应，再现了山谷风环流和冬季“冷湖效应”。模拟结果与现有理论及观测事实基本一致。模拟结果表明：准噶尔盆地冬季大面积被积雪覆盖，下垫面反照率大，因此山谷风环流同黑河地区相比较弱，但“冷湖效应”显著，逆温特征明显，最强可达10℃。     

A bin-microphysics cloud model with high-order, positive-definite advection

An axisymmetric, anelastic model of a convective cloud is described. The model comprises prognostic equations for the azimuthal vorticity, the perturbation potential temperature, the perturbation water vapor mixing ratio, 44 categories of cloud condensation nuclei, and 100 categories of liquid-phase hydrometeors. Results from a control simulation show that the model is capable to reproduce realistically the life cycle of a convective cloud including the production of warm rain.A discussion of the role of advection in bin-microphysics models is presented and sensitivity tests were performed regarding the order of advection. The results show that, although the global characteristics of all simulated clouds were similar, significant differences occur with respect to their microstructure, particularly close to the cloud edges, when the order of the advective scheme changes. The conclusion is that intermediate-order advection schemes can indeed be used in cloud-resolving simulations, as far only as the gross characteristics of the cloud/cloud system are being investigated, but not poor, low-order schemes. On the other hand, the sensitivity with respect to the advection suggests that the evaluation of cloud phenomena that occur in fine-scales, such as entrainment and certain microphysical and radiational processes, must require the use of accurate, higher-order schemes.     

一次有利于人工增雨作业的锋面降水过程分析

使用常规天气资料、卫星云图和雷达回波资料分析１９９９年６月１３～１４日内蒙古一次锋面降水天气过程的天气条件、卫星云图和雷达回波的特征,对锋面降水云系的分布进行讨论,为人工增雨飞行播撒作业提供科学依据。     

“99.5,28”沙雅县强冰雹天气过程分析

从天气学角度出发,结合卫星云图演变及层结稳定度特征,分析１９９９年５月２８日发生在沙雅县的强冰雹天气过程,并找出了这次冰雹过程的一些必要条件和指标,同时对该地区冰雹短期、短时预报着眼点方面获得了一些有益启示。     

中国地区云对太阳短波辐射吸收的研究

根据两种不同的方法（即直接法和斜率法）,对中国大陆地区有关云的异常吸收问题进行了初步的探讨,研究表明:我国大陆地区云辐射强迫比小于1.2;云对短波辐射的吸收西部要比东部小,但季节变化较东部略大;在青藏高原地区,文中得到的云辐射强迫比约为1.13。     

Surface carbonate and land-derived clastic marine sediments from southern Chile: mineralogical and geochemical investigation

Surface carbonate and land-derived deposits in the sea off southern Chile were investigated for their mineralogical and geochemical composition. The data were related to environmental features and compared with those of similar temperate and polar carbonate deposits from Tasmania, New Zealand, Arctica, and Antarctica. The mineralogy of the siliciclastic fraction is typical of cold areas and is mainly composed of chlorite, mica, quartz, feldspars and amphibole. The CaCO₃ content varies from 30 to 90%; carbonate mineralogy is made up of low-Mg calcite, high-Mg calcite and minor amounts of aragonite. The Ca, Mg, Sr, Fe, and Mn contents of bulk carbonates and some selected skeletal hard parts are comparable to those of carbonates from Tasmania. The elemental composition is mainly related to carbonate mineralogy, skeletal components, and seawater conditions. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of carbonates are positive, and their field falls between the “seafloor diagenesis” and “upwelling water” trend lines, because the sediments are likely to be in equilibrium with waters of Antarctic origin. The mineralogical, elemental, and isotopic compositions of carbonates from southern Chile show better similarities with the “temperate” carbonates from Tasmania and New Zealand than with the “polar” carbonates from Arctica and Antarctica. Carbonate deposition is allowed by the low terrigenous input, the low SPM concentration and, probably, the upwelling of seawater from Antarctica.     

A-HIGHERS—The System to Produce the High Spatial Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Maps of the Western North Pacific Using the AVHRR/NOAA

To study on the oceanic variations in the western North Pacific, we developed a system to produce a high spatial resolution sea surface temperature (SST) map from the data obtained by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites. As the system has been improved on the HIGHERS (Sakaida and Kawamura, 1996), it is called the Advanced-HIGHERS (A-HIGHERS). The A-HIGHERS has been developed on the super computer in the Tohoku University, which is favorable for handling of a large volume of data. Mainly because of improvements in the cloud detection algorithm, the A-HIGHERS can deal with the data obtained at dawn and dusk around the year, and at daytime in summer more effectively. The A-HIGHERS are used to produce SST maps spanning from (60°N, 120°E) to (20°N, 160°E) with a grid size of 0.01 degree.     

台风生成的卫星云图特征

本文对1993～1999年近100个台风过程作了卫星云图特征分析,并计算了10个过程的云顶黑体温度(TBB),结合旬平均海表面温度分布,以研究台风生成前期的特征条件,得出结论为具有涡旋状结构的热带云团,如果出现一条或几条长达500～1000km以上的长云带卷入低压内部,云团中心部分的云顶黑体温度(TBB)降低到-70℃以下,而且TBB=-60℃的范围扩大到3×4个纬距以卜,则低压根可能在24h以内发展成为热带风暴——台风。另外海表面温度SST≥29℃则很可能是台风生成的最重要的环境条件。这些结论不仅加深了对台风生成前期条件的认识,还提供了若干台风生成的量化条件,可应用于实际台风生成的预报。     

中天山山区大气总水汽量和云液水量的遥感研究

使用QFW-1型双通道微波辐射计,于2002年盛夏(7月10日至8月5日)在天山山区乌鲁木齐河流域上风方的小渠子进行了大气积分水汽和云中积分液水量的遥感观测。观测表明;中天山山区盛夏的晴天平均大气水汽含量与目前公认的亚洲大气中的水汽含量相近;晴天的平均大气水汽量具有明显的日变化。对降水云系的液态水含量及其变化遥感监测表明:云系降水具有先兆性;不同类型降水性云的降水临界值不同;云液水由0.5 mm开始上升到降水临界值的降水酝酿期的时间,可以作为天山山区人工增雨实施播云作业的重要参照指标。     

Lidar点云数据中建筑物的快速提取

Lidar技术可快速获取地表的高精度三维点云数据, 目前对此类数据的分类却是速度慢、精度低, 尤其是城市区域建筑物和树木靠得较近时更是难以准确提取建筑物.介绍了一种基于点云数据生成距离影像, 而后引入对比度纹理辅助的点云数据建筑物快速提取方法.结果证明, 该方法不需要其他辅助数据就能实现点云数据中建筑物的快速提取.