乌鲁木齐地区层状云降雨雷达回波特征

利用2003年6月至2005年4月乌鲁木齐CINRAD/CC多普勒天气雷达资料结合探空资料,通过对108例层状云降雨雷达回波进行分类,对冷云、暖云、有融化带云回波进行研究,初步提出层状云雷达回波的特征参数,可为临近天气预报及人工增雨作业条件的选择等提供参考。     

Numerical Investigation of Gas Scavenging by Weak Precipitation

A one-dimensional cloud model with size-resolved microphysics and size-resolved aqueous-phase chemistry, driven by prescribed dynamics, has been used to study gas scavenging by weak precipitation developed from low-level, warm stratiform clouds. The dependence of the gas removal rate on the physical and chemical properties of precipitation has been explored under controlled initial conditions. It is found that the removal of four gaseous species (SO₂, NH₃, H₂O₂ and HNO₃) strongly depends on the total droplet surface area, regardless the mean size of droplets. The removal rates also correlate positively with the precipitation rate, especially for precipitation having a mean radius larger than 20 μm. The dependence of the scavenging coefficients on the total droplet surface area is stronger than on the precipitation rate. The removal rates of SO₂, NH₃ and H₂O₂ by precipitation strongly depend on the others' initial concentrations. When NH₃ (or H₂O₂) concentration is much lower than that of SO₂, the removal rate of SO₂ is then controlled by the concentration of H₂O₂ (or NH₃). The removal of NH₃ (or H₂O₂) also directly depends on the concentration of SO₂. NH₃ and H₂O₂ can also indirectly affect each other's removal rate through interaction with SO₂. The scavenging coefficient of SO₂ increases with the concentration ratio of NH₃ to SO₂ if the ratio is larger than 0.5, while the scavenging coefficient of NH₃ increases with the concentration ratio of SO₂ to NH₃ when the ratio is smaller than 1. The scavenging coefficient of H₂O₂ generally increases with the concentration ratio of SO₂ to H₂O₂. Although the Henry's law equilibrium approach seems to be able to simulate gas scavenging by cloud droplets, it causes large errors when used for simulating the scavenging of soluble gas species by droplets of precipitating sizes.     

Cloud/Fog Water Chemistry at a High Elevation Site in South Korea

Cloud/fog water samples were collected at Daekwanreung (840 m msl), a ridge site, in South Korea, from March 2002 to September 2003, by using a Caltech type, self fabricated active strand cloud water collector. The pH, electrical conductivity and major ion concentrations were analyzed. The cloud water pH ranged from 3.6 to 6.8 with an average of 5.2, which was close to the atmospheric neutral point. However, the pH calculated from average concentrations of H+ was 4.7, indicating the cloud/fog water was weakly acidified. SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻ and NH₄ ⁺ are predominant ions of which average concentrations were 203.1, 128.1, and 211.7 μeq⋅L⁻¹, respectively. Samples were categorized into four groups by applying 48-hour back trajectory analysis, using the HYbrid Single-Particle Largrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. Chemical compositions for the four cases significantly differed from each other. For air masses transported from the East Sea (group E), sea salt concentrations, including Na⁺, Cl⁻ Mg²⁺, were relatively high. Principal acidifying pollutants, such as NO₃ ⁻ and nss-SO₄ ²⁻, significantly increased in the case of air masses transported from the Northeast Asian continent through North Korea (group N) and air masses from the Seoul metropolitan area (group W). However, the mean pH of group N was the highest while the mean pH of group W was the lowest. This suggests that most NO₃ ⁻ and nss-SO₄ ²⁻ in cloud/fog water was neutralized by ammonia and calcium compounds under the influence of air masses transported from Northeast Asia. N/S ratio for the group W was significantly higher than those for the other three groups, suggesting nitrogen species transported from the Seoul metropolitan area contributed to acidification of cloud/fog water at Daekwanreung. Principle Component analysis (PCA) was applied to the cloud/fog water data for presenting characteristics in the four different categories.     

雹云的3参数概率判别法

根据山东省雷达回波资料,天气和灾情实况,统计了回波顶高Ｈｍ强回波区顶高Ｈｚ回波强度Ｚ与降雹概率的关系,给出单,双参数判别雹云的指标,提出用３参数降雹条件概率法判别雹云,指出了３参数识别指标对降雹的预示作用,这对强对流天气的短期预报具有一定的实用价值。     

倒春寒的划分和预报服务探讨

本文利用预报区域1960～1995年春季逐日气象资料,分析得到了倒春寒天气的客观划分标准、气候特点、主要影响系统及其形势特征。采用较新特色的折扣回归模型,建立了三、四月份各旬倒春寒的集成预报方程;利用短期预报资料,研制出若干预报判据和消空指标,建立了短期预报回归方程,并编制出具有一定特色的预报服务系统。经1997年实际应用,倒春寒天气的预报准确率在经验预报的基础上提高20％左右。     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUD LIQUID WATER CONTENT BY SPACE-BORNE COMBINED RADAR-RADIOMETER*

A retrieval method of microwave(MW) space-borne remote sensing of cloud liquid water content by the combined radar-radiometer is suggested.A three-layer cloud model is chosen to represent the typical stratified precipitating cloud.The retrieval method mainly follows our previously suggested scheme with some modifications.Numerical comparative study shows that in space-borne remote sensing of cloud liquid water content by the combined method is much better than by radar only;Also the retrieval accuracy of cloud liquid water content may be improved when using the three-layer cloud model in the combined method.     

昆仑山垭口小南川末次冰期早期成层坡积的沉积特征和气候意义

成层坡积结构构造特征、粒度、化学、电镜扫发描分析和测年资料揭示其形在于末次冰期间冰段（６００００ａＢＰ～４４０００ａＢＰ）。存在由湿冷向干冷的气候变化。成层坡积上覆的坡积黄土则代表末次冰期全盛及全新世环境以显著干冷为特征。此剖面突出表明昆仑山垭口地区末次冰期早期不是干冷，而是湿冷，与季风模式不吻合。故只能认为当时该区受西风带影响。     

一次西风槽系统的云微物理结构分析

对１９９１年４月１６日影响河北地区中南部的一次西槽天气过程形成的降水性层状云微物理结构进行了分析。结果表明，降水主要发生在层状云的中上层，存在可供催化的过冷层和过冷水，但云体下层的供水云较薄，云底偏高，不利于降水的发展；实施人工增雨作业后，云层微结构出现相应变化（云滴和雨滴含水量增加，滴谱拓宽等）作业区与影响区雨量普遍增加，并与催化时间相吻合，这些可能与人工影响有关。     

9608台风内区云系结构演变与路径变化

本文利用逐时数字化卫星云图，详细分析了９６０８（ＨＥＲＢ）台风在近海区的路经变化趋势与台风内区云系结构演变的相互关系。结果表明：台风云人区强对流云团的非对称发展，使台风内力发生变化，是导致台风路径两次打转和波浪式前进的主要原因。     

近10年我国降水的QBO分析

近10年来我国东部地区降水分布趋势的年际变化具有QBO特征，双年的降水为中部地区少南北多，单年的降水为中部多南北少，其中江淮流域的降水变化最明显。分析表明，降水QBO的特征与西太平洋副高和冷空气活动有关，一般双年副高偏北、亚洲纬向环流发展，雨带偏北；单年相反，副高偏南、亚洲经向环流发展，雨带偏南，江淮流域降水较多。