Impacts of aerosol chemical composition on microphysics and precipitation in deep convection

Aerosols affect precipitation by modifying cloud properties such as cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC). Aerosol effects on CDNC depend on aerosol properties such as number concentration, size spectrum, and chemical composition. This study focuses on the effects of aerosol chemical composition on CDNC and, thereby, precipitation in a mesoscale cloud ensemble (MCE) driven by deep convective clouds. The MCE was observed during the 1997 department of energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) summer experiment. Double-moment microphysics with explicit nucleation parameterization, able to take into account those three properties of aerosols, is used to investigate the effects of aerosol chemical composition on CDNC and precipitation. The effects of aerosol chemical compositions are investigated for both soluble and insoluble substances in aerosol particles. The effects of soluble substances are examined by varying mass fractions of two representative soluble components of aerosols in the continental air mass: sulfate and organics. The increase in organics with decreasing sulfate lowers critical supersaturation (S_c) and leads to higher CDNC. Higher CDNC results in smaller autoconversion of cloud liquid to rain. This provides more abundant cloud liquid as a source of evaporative cooling, leading to more intense downdrafts, low-level convergence, and updrafts. The resultant stronger updrafts produce more condensation and thus precipitation, as compared to the case of 100% sulfate aerosols. The conventional assumption of sulfate aerosol as a surrogate for the whole aerosol mass can be inapplicable for the case with the strong sources of organics. The less precipitation is simulated when an insoluble substance replaces organics as compared to when it replaces sulfate. When the effects of organics on the surface tension of droplet and solution term in the Köhler curve are deactivated by the insoluble substance, S_c is raised more than when the effects of sulfate on the solution term are deactivated by the insoluble substance. This leads to lower CDNC and, thus, larger autoconversion of cloud liquid to rain, providing less abundant cloud liquid as a source of evaporative cooling. The resultant less evaporative cooling produces less intense downdrafts, weaker low-level convergence, updrafts, condensation and, thereby, less precipitation in the case where organics is replaced by the insoluble substance than in the case where sulfate is replaced by the insoluble substance. The variation of precipitation caused by the change in the mass fraction between the soluble and insoluble substances is larger than that caused by the change in the mass fraction between the soluble substances.     

山地云观测中常见的几个问题

本文总结分析了雷波山地地面气象观测中,对云的目测时经常出现的一些问题,并以老观测员多年的经验对其加以分析,指出原因。强调云的观测应坚持实事求是的原则,切实提高云的观测水平和测报质量。     

热带地区云量日变化的气候特征

利用国际卫星云气候计划（ISCCP）1984—2003年共20年云量资料,统计分析了热带地区的云量日变化特征,研究结果表明,云量峰值时间和变化幅度在全球的分布都较为均匀,而海陆差异明显。高云和低云在变化机制上相对独立,其云量日变化并非同步。全球云量日变化由4类基本形式组成,分别为洋面高云型、陆面高云型、洋面低云型和陆面低云型。高云日变化与地表辐射加热状况密切相关,其形式在洋面和陆面类似,均为早晨出现云量最小值而午后到达云量峰值。相比于洋面,陆面高云的峰值在夜间持续时间较长,可发展至更为稳定深厚的云系。低云多在局地5时附近出现云量峰值,18时左右达到云量极小值,其中陆面低云在12时出现第二峰值。     

深海化能合成生态系统研究进展

深海化能合成生态系统(ChEss)是当前最大的国际海洋生物多样性研究计划--国际海洋生物普查计划的现场研究项目之一.深海化能合成生态系统主要包括热液、冷泉、鲸骨生态系统以及由其他高度还原型生境形成的生态系统.确定上述系统动物区系间的进化和生态学关系,对于了解全球尺度上化能合成生态系统物种分布的形成过程至关重要.重点介绍深海化能合成生态系统科学计划发起的背景、研究内容和目标、研究区域、研究技术与方法以及当前在该领域的研究进展和展望,综合国际上在深海化能合成生态系统生物地理学和生物多样性方面的最新进展,了解其中的驱动过程,以期为我国在深海化能合成生态系统、极端环境下的生物多样性和生物地理学研究提供参考.     

Preliminary Research on the Center's Location and Interseasonal variabilities of the Cold Eddy in East China Sea

To determine the center location of the Cold Eddy in East China Sea(CEECS)′s center, we analyzed typical sections of temperature fields in the sea area around the eddy and improved the proper method to acquire the eddy′s center based on the temperature data of SODA from 1958 to 2001. Results show that the CEECS′s mean center was located at 32.0°N, 125.7°E at the depth of 35 meters during 44 years, while the center was not fixed in one place. From summer to winter, the center of the eddy moves from north to south gradually while it moves from south to north gradually from winter to summer in the longitudinal direction. In the latitudinal direction, the center is obviously in the west only in winter, while in the other seasons it is in the east and the latitude of it changes lightly. The main factor should be Tsushima Current and the Yellow Sea Coastal Current which control the variance of the center′s location. The eddy′s center is not obvious in early fall, late winter and early spring, which should be associated with the seasonality of the current fields.

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冷泉区底栖有孔虫研究进展

海底冷泉区是海洋能源和生物资源同时富集的一类特殊区域。底栖有孔虫群落及其地球化学组成是海底冷泉区发育的重要指示标志之一。海底冷泉区的底栖有孔虫及其碳同位素研究,对于探讨冷泉演化、评估古冷泉甲烷排放对全球气候变化的影响有重要的研究意义。综述了全球一些主要冷泉区的底栖有孔虫研究方法及其进展,对比了各冷泉区底栖有孔虫群落结构的主要特征及地域差异,评述了冷泉区底栖有孔虫的碳同位素记录特征、影响因素及其对冷泉活动的潜在指示意义,最后提出了南海北部冷泉活动区底栖有孔虫方面的研究展望。     

夜间云观测辅助方法

在夜间灯光很弱或者没有灯光、星光、月光的情况下,云的目测是比较困难的。常规夜间观测云的方法是,根据视觉,结合星光疏密、空气清晰程度、云体的颜色、移动速度以及伴见的天气现象和实测云高,参照傍晚时云的状况来判别云状。为了能够在夜间快速准确地识别所在测站云状,以现代化探测设备为手段,对夜间云的观测方法进行了总结,介绍了用大气辐射、大气电场、气象卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达回波资料来辅助观云,可较好地弥补夜间目测云的不足。     

利用卫星产品评估数值预报模式云层垂直结构

对云层垂直结构的准确参数化描述是数值天气预报模式准确计算长短波辐射通量、辐射加热率廓线、云反射率、云辐射效应等参数的重要基础,但地基观测数据无法对模式预报的云层垂直分层情况进行验证。文章基于卫星资料Collection5版本的MODIS云产品MOD06,利用国际上能够较准确判别云层垂直分层的一个新算法,以反演的高、中、低云发生频率和云顶气压结果,评估美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)北美中尺度模式NAM的云层垂直结构。2006年7～10月北美地区(153°～48°W,12°～62°N)的评估结果表明:①卫星反演和模式预报的高、中、低云的云量区域分布比较相似,尤其是高云。热带太平洋地区模式预报高云量大于卫星反演值。模式预报的低云在墨西哥及北美大陆、大西洋地区更多。②卫星反演和模式预报中云发生频率的差异最小,模式预报高云和低云发生频率峰值比卫星反演的峰值更大,且云顶出现的高度更高。③模式预报中云量和低云量的纬度平均值比卫星反演的高,尤其是低云量。NAM的云参数化有待于进一步改进。     

卫星云图资料估计湿度的适时回归方法及其影响诊断

提出适时回归方法，由卫星云图资料估计湿度场，数理统计中的回归诊断是查找野点的有力方法，本文成功地运用回归诊断于卫星云图资料估计湿度场，提高了精确度，得到良好效果。     

一次强降水系统的演变和细结构分析

文章分析1992年7月23日河北省东部平原地区一次突发性暴雨过程，研究了产生特大暴雨的中-α尺度对流系统的演变及其细结构，讨论了该系统内部中心暖区形成的物理机制，并指出几种不同尺度的天气系统相互作用对这次暴雨系统的重要影响。