FY2卫星云图分析系统在热带气旋北冕过程中的应用

利用FY2卫星云图分析系统的各项分析功能,结合常规观测资料对热带气旋北冕的天气形势、云图演变以及路径变化、风雨情况等进行了分析。结果表明,副热带高压摆动,中纬度西风小槽东移,低层西南气流加强和减弱是"北冕"出现两次北抬和一次南折的直接原因;对流云团的发展和减弱对应低层西南气流的加强和减弱;强降水与云顶亮温的最低值中心及强度密切相关,而云团面积和云顶亮温与强降水也有很好的对应关系,其中发展的云系是强降水发生的信号。FY2卫星云图分析系统较好地分析了"北冕"整个过程的变化特点,对于短时临近预报有较好的辅助作用。     

MODIS BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE DATA ASSIMILATION UNDER CLOUDY CONDITIONS: METHODS AND IDEAL TESTS

Clouds have important effects on the infrared radiances transmission in that the inclusion of cloud effects in data assimilation can not only improve the quality of the assimilated atmospheric parameters greatly, but also minimize the initial error of cloud parameters by adjusting part of the infrared radiances data. On the basis of the Grapes-3D-var (Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System), cloud liquid water, cloud ice water and cloud cover are added as the governing variables in the assimilation. Under the conditions of clear sky, partly cloudy cover and totally cloudy cover, the brightness temperature of 16 MODIS channels are assimilated respectively in ideal tests. Results show that when the simulated background brightness temperatures are lower than the observation, the analyzed field will increase the simulated brightness temperature by increasing its temperature and reducing its moisture, cloud liquid water, cloud ice water, and cloud cover. The simulated brightness temperature can be reduced if adjustment is made in the contrary direction. The adjustment of the temperature and specific humidity under the clear sky conditions conforms well to the design of MODIS channels, but it is weakened for levels under cloud layers. The ideal tests demonstrate that by simultaneously adding both cloud parameters and atmospheric parameters as governing variables during the assimilation of infrared radiances, both the cloud parameters and atmospheric parameters can be adjusted using the observed infrared radiances and conventional meteorological elements to make full use of the infrared observations.     

四川地区云和空中水资源分布与演变

利用1971～2000年台站云降水资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了四川地区云和空中水资源的分布与演变。研究发现:四川地区平均总云量为7.2成,低云量4.7成,全年阴天日数193.5天,降水日数154.0天,小到中雨日147.1天;全年大气可降水量为181.7kg.m-2。云有明显的季节变化特征,总云量夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低,低云量夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低。大气可降水量夏季最大,秋季次之,冬季最少。云和小到中雨日的空间分布具有明显的地域性,且夏季分布与全年分布显著不同。在高原上,总云和低云、降水日、小到中雨日呈相反的变化趋势,总云在平均状态附近波动略有减少,而低云、降水日、小到中雨日在平均状态附近波动略有增加;在盆地内,云和降水日的演变趋势相同,总云量、低云量、降水日、小到中雨日都在线性减少。30年来四川地区大气可降水量线性变化则略有增多。     

Impacts of aerosol chemical composition on microphysics and precipitation in deep convection

Aerosols affect precipitation by modifying cloud properties such as cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC). Aerosol effects on CDNC depend on aerosol properties such as number concentration, size spectrum, and chemical composition. This study focuses on the effects of aerosol chemical composition on CDNC and, thereby, precipitation in a mesoscale cloud ensemble (MCE) driven by deep convective clouds. The MCE was observed during the 1997 department of energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) summer experiment. Double-moment microphysics with explicit nucleation parameterization, able to take into account those three properties of aerosols, is used to investigate the effects of aerosol chemical composition on CDNC and precipitation. The effects of aerosol chemical compositions are investigated for both soluble and insoluble substances in aerosol particles. The effects of soluble substances are examined by varying mass fractions of two representative soluble components of aerosols in the continental air mass: sulfate and organics. The increase in organics with decreasing sulfate lowers critical supersaturation (S_c) and leads to higher CDNC. Higher CDNC results in smaller autoconversion of cloud liquid to rain. This provides more abundant cloud liquid as a source of evaporative cooling, leading to more intense downdrafts, low-level convergence, and updrafts. The resultant stronger updrafts produce more condensation and thus precipitation, as compared to the case of 100% sulfate aerosols. The conventional assumption of sulfate aerosol as a surrogate for the whole aerosol mass can be inapplicable for the case with the strong sources of organics. The less precipitation is simulated when an insoluble substance replaces organics as compared to when it replaces sulfate. When the effects of organics on the surface tension of droplet and solution term in the Köhler curve are deactivated by the insoluble substance, S_c is raised more than when the effects of sulfate on the solution term are deactivated by the insoluble substance. This leads to lower CDNC and, thus, larger autoconversion of cloud liquid to rain, providing less abundant cloud liquid as a source of evaporative cooling. The resultant less evaporative cooling produces less intense downdrafts, weaker low-level convergence, updrafts, condensation and, thereby, less precipitation in the case where organics is replaced by the insoluble substance than in the case where sulfate is replaced by the insoluble substance. The variation of precipitation caused by the change in the mass fraction between the soluble and insoluble substances is larger than that caused by the change in the mass fraction between the soluble substances.     

山地云观测中常见的几个问题

本文总结分析了雷波山地地面气象观测中,对云的目测时经常出现的一些问题,并以老观测员多年的经验对其加以分析,指出原因。强调云的观测应坚持实事求是的原则,切实提高云的观测水平和测报质量。     

热带地区云量日变化的气候特征

利用国际卫星云气候计划（ISCCP）1984—2003年共20年云量资料,统计分析了热带地区的云量日变化特征,研究结果表明,云量峰值时间和变化幅度在全球的分布都较为均匀,而海陆差异明显。高云和低云在变化机制上相对独立,其云量日变化并非同步。全球云量日变化由4类基本形式组成,分别为洋面高云型、陆面高云型、洋面低云型和陆面低云型。高云日变化与地表辐射加热状况密切相关,其形式在洋面和陆面类似,均为早晨出现云量最小值而午后到达云量峰值。相比于洋面,陆面高云的峰值在夜间持续时间较长,可发展至更为稳定深厚的云系。低云多在局地5时附近出现云量峰值,18时左右达到云量极小值,其中陆面低云在12时出现第二峰值。     

深海化能合成生态系统研究进展

深海化能合成生态系统(ChEss)是当前最大的国际海洋生物多样性研究计划--国际海洋生物普查计划的现场研究项目之一.深海化能合成生态系统主要包括热液、冷泉、鲸骨生态系统以及由其他高度还原型生境形成的生态系统.确定上述系统动物区系间的进化和生态学关系,对于了解全球尺度上化能合成生态系统物种分布的形成过程至关重要.重点介绍深海化能合成生态系统科学计划发起的背景、研究内容和目标、研究区域、研究技术与方法以及当前在该领域的研究进展和展望,综合国际上在深海化能合成生态系统生物地理学和生物多样性方面的最新进展,了解其中的驱动过程,以期为我国在深海化能合成生态系统、极端环境下的生物多样性和生物地理学研究提供参考.     

Preliminary Research on the Center's Location and Interseasonal variabilities of the Cold Eddy in East China Sea

To determine the center location of the Cold Eddy in East China Sea(CEECS)′s center, we analyzed typical sections of temperature fields in the sea area around the eddy and improved the proper method to acquire the eddy′s center based on the temperature data of SODA from 1958 to 2001. Results show that the CEECS′s mean center was located at 32.0°N, 125.7°E at the depth of 35 meters during 44 years, while the center was not fixed in one place. From summer to winter, the center of the eddy moves from north to south gradually while it moves from south to north gradually from winter to summer in the longitudinal direction. In the latitudinal direction, the center is obviously in the west only in winter, while in the other seasons it is in the east and the latitude of it changes lightly. The main factor should be Tsushima Current and the Yellow Sea Coastal Current which control the variance of the center′s location. The eddy′s center is not obvious in early fall, late winter and early spring, which should be associated with the seasonality of the current fields.

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冷泉区底栖有孔虫研究进展

海底冷泉区是海洋能源和生物资源同时富集的一类特殊区域。底栖有孔虫群落及其地球化学组成是海底冷泉区发育的重要指示标志之一。海底冷泉区的底栖有孔虫及其碳同位素研究,对于探讨冷泉演化、评估古冷泉甲烷排放对全球气候变化的影响有重要的研究意义。综述了全球一些主要冷泉区的底栖有孔虫研究方法及其进展,对比了各冷泉区底栖有孔虫群落结构的主要特征及地域差异,评述了冷泉区底栖有孔虫的碳同位素记录特征、影响因素及其对冷泉活动的潜在指示意义,最后提出了南海北部冷泉活动区底栖有孔虫方面的研究展望。     

夜间云观测辅助方法

在夜间灯光很弱或者没有灯光、星光、月光的情况下,云的目测是比较困难的。常规夜间观测云的方法是,根据视觉,结合星光疏密、空气清晰程度、云体的颜色、移动速度以及伴见的天气现象和实测云高,参照傍晚时云的状况来判别云状。为了能够在夜间快速准确地识别所在测站云状,以现代化探测设备为手段,对夜间云的观测方法进行了总结,介绍了用大气辐射、大气电场、气象卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达回波资料来辅助观云,可较好地弥补夜间目测云的不足。