9403强热带风暴致洪暴雨Tbb特征分析

本文利用１经纬度间隔Ｔｂｂ资料分析１９９４年６月９－１０日皖、赣致洪暴雨过程的成因。结果指出，登陆北上的９４０３强热带低压同西风带降水系统相互作用造成了这场大暴雨过程。南北低值系统的叠置使降水系统结构发生变化，在两云系统接合处产生强对流云团，导致降雨量陡增。分析还表明这场致洪暴雨的发生与下面三个因素有关；１．南、北两云系统都有相当尺度和强度；２．南来云团来自ＩＴＣＺ和西南地区云系的水源补充；３．不     

重力流冷锋及其受地形的影响

建立了一个二维非静力平衡模式，通过坐标变换的方法使得模式低层有较高的分辨率。对重力流的模拟结果显示；本模式模拟出的重力流冷锋主要特征，如抬高的头部、头部较强的上升运动以及等位温线密集带与实际大气观测很一致。此外，模式还成功地模拟出了重力流头部后面底层的高速潜流层。应用模拟结果与理论结果对重力流的移动速度进行了对比分析。当考虑地形时，重力流在山前受阻，其头部比不考虑地形时高，且产生了向上游传播的“涌浪”；重力流过山后其头部降低，位温梯度减弱，头部后面的水平速度减小。此外，还对非静力平衡与静力平衡条件下重力流的差异进行了分析讨论。     

利用水汽图象分析中尺度云团

利用ＮＯＡＡ卫星提供的水汽图（６．７μｍ），配合ＧＭＳ云图、多普勒雷达照片，分析了中尺度暴雨云团发生的位置、演变及其结构，最后给出了有关方法的预报框图。     

有限区域卫星云图资料变分分析的试验研究

资料分析在数值预报中的重要性受到越来越多的关注，星目前常规探测网的时空局限性，利用分辨率较高的非常规资料势在必行。该文利用一个有限区域中尺度模式ＭＭ４，采用变分分析技术对有限区域的常规探空资料和非常规云图资料进行变分分析和数值模拟。     

青藏高原地面热力异常对夏季江淮流域持续暴雨形成作用的数值试验

本文采用OSU-AGCM大气环流模式，对青藏高原下垫面热力异常与夏季江淮流域暴雨形成的关系进行了数值试验。模拟结果表明，青藏高原下垫面热力状况的异常对东亚环流形势及云量分布异常的影响是形成1991年夏季江淮流域持续性降水的重要原因之一。青藏高原异常热力强迫还可以引起大范围云量的异常分布和云量异常区类似于二维Rossby波列没大圆路径传播的特征。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MESOSCALE STRUCTURES OF TYPHOON AND OROGRAPHIC EFFECTS USING MM5*

The track,landfall,dynamic and thermodynamic and cloud-rain physical mesoscale structures and their evolution of typhoon HERB 1996 in 36 h from 0000 UTC 31 July to 1200 UTC 1 August 1996 were simulated by using the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MM5.This period covered the process of typhoon HERB landfall at Taiwan and Fujian Provinces.Results show that the model successfully simulated the landfall process of typhoon HERB,revealed the most important characteristics of the mesoscale dynamic and thermodynamic and cloud-rain physical structure during its landfall.The simulated typhoon track was close to the observation.The center of cyclonic circulation simulated at 0000 UTC on 1 August 1996 (24 h integration) was located in shore near Fuqing,Fujian Province at which the typhoon was reported to landfall two hours later.It shows that strong upward motion formed by low level convergence existed in the eye-wall and subsidence at the eye.The wind field shows clear asymmetrical structure near the typhoon center.The cloud and rainband was screw-typed distributed around typhoon center,and consisted of meso-β scale rain cores.During the period of typhoon HERB staying near and passing over Taiwan,the lower cloud was developed in the eye region so that the previous clear typhoon eye on the satellite pictures became fuzzy.Observation shows that the typhoon center was "warm",but the model simulations with higher space resolution show that in the mid-troposphere the region of eye-wall with stronger upward motion and more cloud-and rain-water was warmer than the eye.During the period of typhoon passing over Taiwan and its following landfall at Fujian,the track of model typhoon deviated about 30 km northward (i.e.,rightward) because of the orographic effects of Taiwan Island,but the strength of the typhoon was not affected remarkably.The amount of rainfall on Taiwan in the 36 h simulations was enhanced more than six times by the orographic lifting of Taiwan Mountain.     

Cold seep deposits of Beauvoisin (Oxfordian; southeastern France) and Marmorito (Miocene; northern Italy): microbially induced authigenic carbonates

The relation of two well-known ancient carbonate deposits to hydrocarbon seepage was confirmed by this study. Archaea are found to be associated with the formation of Oxfordian seep carbonates from Beauvoisin and with a Miocene limestone from Marmorito ("tube-worm limestone"). Carbonates formed due to a mediation by archaea exhibit extremely positive or extremely negative δ¹³C_carbonate values, respectively. Highly positive values (+15‰) reflect the use of ¹³C-enriched CO₂ produced by methanogenesis. Low δ¹³C values of the Marmorito carbonates (–30‰) indicate the oxidation of seepage-derived hydrocarbons. Likewise, the δ¹³C content of specific tail-to-tail linked isoprenoids, biomarkers for archaea, was found to be strikingly depleted in these samples (as low as –115‰). The isotopic signatures corroborate that archaea were involved in the cycling of seepage-derived organic carbon at the ancient localities. Another Miocene limestone ("Marmorito limestone") shows a strong imprint of methanotrophic bacteria as indicated by δ¹³C values of carbonate as low as –40‰ and biomarker evidence. Epifluorescence microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that bacterial biofilms were involved in carbonate aggregation. In addition to lucinid bivalves previously reported from both localities, we infer that sponges from Beauvoisin and tube worms from Marmorito depended on chemosynthesis as well. Low δ¹³C values of nodules related to sponge taphonomy (–27‰) indicate that sponges might have been linked to an enhanced hydrocarbon oxidation. Tube worm fossils from Marmorito closely resemble chemosynthetic pogonophoran tube worms from Recent cold seeps and are embedded in isotopically light carbonate (δ¹³C –30‰). Received: 13 October 1998 / Accepted: 5 February 1999     

Large-sample hydrology: recent progress,guidelines for new datasets and grand challenges

ABSTRACT

Large-sample hydrology (LSH) relies on data from large sets (tens to thousands) of catchments to go beyond individual case studies and derive robust conclusions on hydrological processes and models. Numerous LSH datasets have recently been released, covering a wide range of regions and relying on increasingly diverse data sources to characterize catchment behaviour. These datasets offer novel opportunities, yet they are also limited by their lack of comparability, uncertainty estimates and characterization of human impacts. This article (i) underscores the key role of LSH datasets in hydrological studies, (ii) provides a review of currently available LSH datasets, (iii) highlights current limitations of LSH datasets and (iv) proposes guidelines and coordinated actions to overcome these limitations. These guidelines and actions aim to standardize and automatize the creation of LSH datasets worldwide, and to enhance the reproducibility and comparability of hydrological studies.     

基于地基微波辐射计资料对成都双流机场两次雷雨过程的分析

利用地基微波辐射计资料,比较了2017年7月成都双流机场的两次雷雨过程,根据天气形势分为"两高切变"和"东高西低"2类,在此基础上分析微波辐射计要素变化特征,结果表明:在垂直方向0～10 km,以相对湿度达到80%来区分干区和湿区,则两次过程前3 h,相对湿度在垂直方向均呈现"上下干、中间湿"三层结构,并早于近地层前2 h达到饱和状态;过程期间相对湿度呈现"上干、下湿"两层结构;过程结束后湿层抬高,低层变干。两次过程水汽含量充沛,保持在70 kg/m~2以上,峰值超过85 kg/m~2。每一次中阵雨发生后水汽含量都会短暂回落,但仍高于过程前的数值,不足2 h后再次发生中阵雨。由0℃线高度变化可知,降水过程中,暖区(温度≥0℃)内相对湿度≥90%;云中液态水含量主要分布于6 km以下,温度在0℃以上的液态水占比很高,故两次过程以暖云降水为主。雷雨前1 h左右有"低层气温上升,0℃层抬升,K指数、CAPE指数也明显增大"的典型特征。降水发生在相对湿度、水汽总含量、云中液态水含量和稳定度指数快速增长的波峰中。     

秋季冷云结构及人工增雨可播性区的评估

利用装备有机载云粒子测量系统、温湿仪和GPS的增雨飞机,在秋季的一次作业中获取的资料与同期的天气和卫星资料,对这次作业的冷云结构进行分析,对作业的可播性做了评估,分析结果表明,75％的时段在强可播区作业,25％在不可播区。云中自然降水效率低,具有较好的增雨催化潜力。