Empirical prediction of the ground shaking scenario for the Catania area

Simplified approaches for prediction of strong ground shaking, that can be efficiently implemented through a Geographical Information System (GIS), are applied to constructing earthquake scenarios for the Catania municipal area. Ground shaking maps in terms of peak ground acceleration and response spectral ordinates are developed both for a repetition of the catastrophic 1693 earthquake (M7.3), and for a lower energy event, like that which occurred in 1818 (M6.2). The maps account for amplification due to local site conditions. According to the commonly used attenuation relations, the local amplification is taken into account either in a simpler way or in a more detailed approach, derived from an extensive geotechnical zonation. The approximation introduced by the simpler methodology, to be used whenever accurate data are not available, is estimated by a comparison with damage distribution.     

A study on damage scenarios for residential buildings in Catania city

The main purpose of this study is to obtain the damage scenario for residential buildings in the occurrence of a destructive earthquake (M = 7+) in the city area of Catania, Eastern Sicily, and to illustrate the comparative performance of two alternative methods used for this purpose. The methods are representative of two different approaches to estimating the seismic vulnerability of structures, i.e., an empirical approach based on statistical score assignments (widely used in Italy and other countries) and a more recent, mechanical approach that uses displacement limit states associated with well-defined thresholds of structural damage. A special concern for seismic vulnerability in Catania is caused by the fact that earthquake design norms were enforced in its municipal area only since 1981. We emphasise some typical problems encountered in earthquake scenario work, such as the difficulty of assembling a reliable building inventory, and the uncertainties inherent in the vulnerability assessments through different probabilistic assumptions. Different criteria for the representation of damage are applied and discussed. It is shown that the main scenarios obtained by the two methods are in reasonable agreement, provided a suitable percentile level for damage is chosen in the statistical score assignment approach.     

图幅编号自动识别研究

从实用角度出发, 讨论了字符识别技术的原理和方法, 分析提取了基本比例尺地形图图幅编号的特征, 提出了图幅编号自动识别的方法。     

Map Comparison or Traditional Mass-balance Measurements: Which Method is Better?

A number of Norwegian glaciers were selected in the 1960s for long-term mass-balance measurements, to produce necessary hydrological information for hydropower exploitation. Special large-scale glacier maps were produced for field work and data processing, and some glaciers have been mapped more than once. Thus, comparison of glacier maps can be used to calculate changes in glacier volume for some of the glaciers, provided they are of sufficient accuracy.
Conventional mass-balance measurements were carried out on all the selected glaciers. A cumulative calculation of net balances for a series of years is used to indicate the change in a glacier's volume during that period. However, various errors originate in the field, some of which are systematic, particularly on glaciers with large winter accumulation.
The present study indicates that certain errors are difficult to define and determine, For the maritime glacier Ålfotbreen, a cumulative mass-balance calculation gives a positive total balance (+3.4 m water equivalent in the period 1968–88), whereas the map comparison indicates a total negative balance (−5.8 m water equivalent). This indicates a discrepancy between the methods, which must be accounted for.
Determination of errors in mass-balance measurements is difficult. Sinking of stakes in the accumulation area and the use of sounding sticks (steel probes) in heavy snowlayers cause problems.     

两种降雹频数气候图空间分布一致性的初步分析

为了察看利用单站降雹频数Fs和区域降雹频数Fa制作的两种气候图的频数分布是否一致?我们绘制了该两种气候图,并进行了初步分析。结果表明,在引进了降雹频数凹凸度R,又引进了空间一致性表达式后,在两种降雹频数气候图上,它们高(低)值分布有84%的格点相一致。     

地形图与海图数据结构对照研究

分析国家基础地理信息地形图和我国现行数字海图数据结构特点,研究两者的分层结构、属性结构及要素相互关系,探讨地形图到海图要素及属性对照技术,并提出地形图到海图数据转换方法。     

Detecting the relationship between summer rainfall anomalies in eastern china and the SSTA in the global domain with a new significance test method

It is suggested that the multiple samples in a correlation map or a set of correlation maps should be examined with sig-nificance tests as per the Bernoulli probability, model. Therefore, both the contemporaneous and lag correlations of summertime pre-cipitation R in any one of the three regions of Northern China (NC), the Changjiang-Huaihe River Valley (CHRV), and Southern China (SC) with the SSTA in the global domain have been tested in the present article, using our significance test method and the method proposed by Livezey and Chen (1983) respectively. Our results demonstrate that the contemporaneous correlations of sum-mer R in CHRV with the SSTA are larger than those in NC. Significant correlations of SSTA with CHRV R are found to be in some warm SST regions in the tropics, whereas those of SSTA with NC R, which are opposite in sign as compared to the SSTA-CHRV R correlations, are found to be in some regions where the mean SSTs are low. In comparison with the patterns of the contemporaneous correlations, the 1 to 12 month lag correlations between NC R and SSTA, and those between CHRV summer R and SSTA show simi-lar patterns, including the magnitudes and signs, and the spatial distributions of the coefficients. However, the summer rainfall in SC is not well correlated with the SSTA, no matter how long the lag interval is. The results derived from the observations have set up a relationship frame connecting the precipitation anomalies in NC, CHRV, and SC with the SSTA in the global domain, which is criti-cally useful for our understanding and predicting the climate variabilities in different parts of China Both NC and CHRV summer R are connected with El Nino events, showing a'--'pattern in an El Nino year and a'+ +'pattern in the subsequent year.     

中国近海海上溢油预测与应急决策支持系统研发

开发了中国近海海上溢油预测与应急决策系统,由三维水动力模型、溢油风化模型、环境敏感区图和决策支持模型组成。系统能够预测海面油膜的漂移-扩散行为和风化过程,提供敏感区污染预警和资源优先保护次序、溢油应急优化方案以及溢油清污效果实时动态模拟。作为海上溢油应急反应决策平台,系统能够通过网络提供服务。     

OGC SLD/SE标准在专题制图方面的不足与扩展研究

网络地图制图目前已成为网络地理信息科学发展的重要方向,专题地图的网络制作尤为重要。OGC提出的SLD/SE标准是目前网络地图制图的标准和规范,但其描绘的地图质量不高,并且在描绘专题地图方面存在很多缺陷。随着网络地图制图的发展,一些SLD/SE标准外的网络地图样式语言逐渐兴起。与SLD/SE标准相比,新兴地图样式语言在制作专题地图方面存在优势。本研究从现有新兴地图样式语言中选择Mapbox GL和CartoCSS地图样式语言与SLD/SE标准进行对比,并总结当前标准的在专题制图方面的缺陷。研究发现,SLD/SE标准当中缺少设置分类方法的功能,同时还缺少用于准确表达未分类比例符号图的功能。针对这些缺陷,本文提出Classify和ProportionalSymbol扩展方案,将扩展后的SLD/SE标准应用于荷兰上艾瑟尔省的点、面矢量数据与使用当前标准描绘的地图进行对比应用研究,证明了本文提出的扩展在描绘专题地图方面更具优势。同时采用北京地区的点、面矢量数据并验证了扩展的普适性。SLD/SE标准目前仍处于不断改进的阶段,在未来的标准更新中,本文提出的2种扩展方案能在很大程度上简化制图者使用SL...