多角辐散地极技术在高电阻率地区的应用

在高电阻率地区,建造符合要求且经济实用的地网一直是防雷工程施工的难点。因为组成地网的接地极的形状关系到材料利用效率和施工难易程度。提出了"多角辐散地极"的概念,设计制作了多角辐散地极,并选择了3个不同的地域环境,对这一设计技术进行了试验。通过与普通地网的比较,证明了在高阻率地区多角辐散地极组成的地网优于普通地网。通过对不同安装距离,不同降阻剂投放量的比较,确定了多角辐散地极的最佳安装方法,并根据试验测量的数据计算出并联系数,得出工程量的估算方法。     

邵阳地区闪电活动特征及其与降水的关系

利用闪电定位资料和常规观测站24 h的降水资料,对邵阳地区2008-2010年的闪电特征进行分析,并进一步探讨了邵阳地区闪电与降水的关系。结果表明：邵阳地区闪电多以负地闪为主,地闪频次的最大值中心位于东北部,呈东北-西南减少的趋势;地闪频次存在明显的日变化特征,闪电集中发生在13-19时;有闪电时,降水量不超过1 mm和10 mm的降水个例分别为29.63 %,76.30%;无闪电时,其值分别为69.44 %,96.30 %;超过20 mm的降水大多伴随有闪电,无闪电时发生概率极小;地闪频次与闪电对流降水的拟合系数优于其与所有降水的拟合系数,且随着统计尺度的增大,地闪与闪电对流降水的相关性变强。     

夏季雷州半岛强降水雨滴谱个例分析及降水与闪电相关性统计分析

利用2007年8月在雷州半岛观测雷暴获得的雨滴谱和地闪资料,重点分析了8月6日遂溪、湛江一次雷暴云降水个例的雨滴谱特征,对闪电特征与降水的相关性进行了统计分析。结果表明,遂溪站的雨滴谱谱型多为双峰或多峰型,而湛江站的雨滴谱谱型多呈单峰型分布;平均雨滴谱符合Gamma分布;雨强I10mm/h时发生地闪的频率较高,且发生地闪频率随着距测站的距离减少而增加;随着雨强的增大发生正地闪的概率明显增加;降水过程中的闪电频率和距离校准后闪电电流强度的相关性表明,地闪发生的距离越近,频率越高对应雨滴谱谱宽越宽和降水强度越大。     

浙江省雷电灾害易损性分析及风险区划

根据 2007-2011 年浙江省雷电灾害事故调查资料、浙江省地闪监测资料,选取地闪密度、灾害频数、经济（GDP）损失模数、生命易损模数、雷灾经济损失、人员伤亡等作为浙江省各市雷电灾害易损性评估指标,对浙江省各市进行雷电灾害易损性综合评估,并结合 GIS 方法对浙江省进行了雷电灾害易损性风险区划,为有针对性做好防御雷电灾害规划提供科学依据.     

雷电定位系统与人工观测雷暴日数统计比较

为了利用雷电定位系统 (lightning location system,LLS) 资料统计人工观测雷暴日数,采用湖北省2007—2012年LLS监测资料,选取25个气象站为圆心,统计其不同监测半径 (r) 圆区域内LLS监测的雷电日数,并与人工观测雷暴日数进行比较。结果表明:r≤7 km时,LLS监测平均年雷电日数小于人工观测平均年雷暴日数;r≥8 km时, LLS监测平均年雷电日数大于人工观测平均年雷暴日数;r=22 km圆区域内年平均雷电日数可替代最大年雷暴日数。根据r=7 km,r=8 km圆区域内LLS监测的年雷电日数、年平均地闪密度资料,分别采用直接替代法、地闪密度法和该文提出的二元法计算年雷暴日数,结果显示:二元法效果最好。二元法计算的2007—2012年25个站平均年雷暴日数与人工观测相等,平均差异为7.4%;二元法计算的2013年年雷暴日数与人工观测相差0.8 d,平均差异为12.3%。     

An Overview of Nowcasting Development, Applications, and Services in the Hong Kong Observatory

The Hong Kong Observatory （HKO） has been developing a suite of nowcasting systems to support op- erations of the forecasting center and to provide a variety of nowcasting services for the general public and specialized users. The core system is named the Short-range Warnings of Intense Rainstorm of Localized Systems （SWIRLS）, which is a radar-based nowcasting system mainly for the automatic tracking of the movement of radar echoes and the short-range Quantitative Precipitation Forecast （QPF）. The differential, integral （or variational）, and object-oriented tracking algorithms were developed and integrated into the nowcasting suite. In order to predict severe weather associated with intense thunderstorms, such as high gust, hail, and lightning, SWIRLS was enhanced to SWIRLS-II by introduction of a number of physical models, especially the icing physics as well as the thermodynamics of the atmosphere. SWIRLS-Ⅱ was further enhanced with non-hydrostatic, high resolution numerical models for extending the forecast range up to 6h ahead. Meanwhile, SWIRLS was also modified for providing nowcasting services for aviation community and specialized users. To take into account the rapid development of lightning events, ensemble nowcasting techniques such as time-lagged and weighted average ensemble approaches were also adopted in the nowcasting system. Apart from operational uses in Hong Kong, SWIRLS/SWIRLS-Ⅱ was also exported to other places to participate in several international events such as the WMO/WWRP Forecast Demon- stration Project （FDP） during the Beijing 2008 Olympics Games and the Shanghai Expo 2010. Meanwhile, SWIRLS has also been transferred to various regional meteorological organizations for establishing their nowcasting infrastructure. This paper summarizes the history and the technologies of SWIRLS/SWIRLS-Ⅱ and its variants and the associated nowcasting applications and services provided by the HKO since the mid 1990s.     

武汉市油气库雷电预警服务系统设计与应用

依托湖北省气象局科技发展基金项目,湖北省防雷中心于2013年开发出武汉市油气库雷电预警服务系统。在介绍该系统设计思路、主要功能、运行流程的基础上,以2013年7月5—6日武汉市一次强降水过程为例,选取湖北省气象局所在地周边两家加油站作为服务对象进行系统应用测试,跟踪检测系统运行情况及服务效果。结果表明,雷电预警系统闪电监测准确,预警及闪电信息发布及时,服务对象对此反馈良好。     

雷电灾害易损性评估及易损度区划——以宁波为例

根据宁波市ADTD闪电定位系统的2010—2012年的地闪监测数据和雷电灾害资料以及2012年宁波市人口及GDP数据,选取年平均地闪密度、致灾强度地闪密度、经济损失指标、人员伤亡指标、人员易损指标、经济易损指标等6项指标,采用5级对称等分间隔划分法,确定划分雷灾易损性指标和雷灾综合易损度等级标准,根据雷灾综合易损度得出评估结果:海曙区、江东区为雷灾极高易损区;镇海区为雷灾高易损区;江北区、宁海县、象山县、北仑区、奉化市为雷灾中易损区;鄞州区、余姚市为雷灾低易损区;慈溪市为雷灾极低易损区。     

Under the surface: Pressure-induced planetary-scale waves,volcanic lightning,and gaseous clouds caused by the submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano

We present a narrative of the eruptive events culminating in the cataclysmic January 15, 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano by synthesizing diverse preliminary seismic, volcanological, sound wave, and lightning data available within the first few weeks after the eruption occurred. The first hour of eruptive activity produced fast-propagating tsunami waves, long-period seismic waves, loud audible sound waves, infrasonic waves, exceptionally intense volcanic lightning and an unsteady volcanic plume that transiently reached—at 58 ?km—the Earth's mesosphere. Energetic seismic signals were recorded worldwide and the globally stacked seismogram showed episodic seismic events within the most intense periods of phreatoplinian activity, and they correlated well with the infrasound pressure waveform recorded in Fiji. Gravity wave signals were strong enough to be observed over the entire planet in just the first few hours, with some circling the Earth multiple times subsequently. These large-amplitude, long-wavelength atmospheric disturbances come from the Earth's atmosphere being forced by the magmatic mixture of tephra, melt and gasses emitted by the unsteady but quasi-continuous eruption from 0402±1–1800 UTC on January 15, 2022. Atmospheric forcing lasted much longer than rupturing from large earthquakes recorded on modern instruments, producing a type of shock wave that originated from the interaction between compressed air and ambient (wavy) sea surface. This scenario differs from conventional ideas of earthquake slip, landslides, or caldera collapse-generated tsunami waves because of the enormous (～1000x) volumetric change due to the supercritical nature of volatiles associated with the hot, volatile-rich phreatoplinian plume. The time series of plume altitude can be translated to volumetric discharge and mass flow rate. For an eruption duration of ～12 ?h, the eruptive volume and mass are estimated at 1.9 ?km³ and ～2 900 ?Tg, respectively, corresponding to a VEI of 5–6 for this event. The high frequency and intensity of lightning was enhanced by the production of fine ash due to magma—seawater interaction with concomitant high charge per unit mass and the high pre-eruptive concentration of dissolved volatiles. Analysis of lightning flash frequencies provides a rapid metric for plume activity and eruption magnitude. Many aspects of this eruption await further investigation by multidisciplinary teams. It represents a unique opportunity for fundamental research regarding the complex, non-linear behavior of high energetic volcanic eruptions and attendant phenomena, with critical implications for hazard mitigation, volcano forecasting, and first-response efforts in future disasters.     

基于雷达和微波辐射计的湖北省冷季“高架雷暴”特征分析

利用常规观测、加密自动气象站、三维闪电定位仪、天气雷达和地基微波辐射计资料等,对湖北冷季（2014年11月）发生的3次高架雷暴过程进行了分析。（1）3次过程发生在地面冷锋后部地面冷气团中,主要以短时强降水和频繁的雷电活动为主,是典型的冷季“高架雷暴”,对流区位于地面冷锋后部500 km左右。（2）地面到925 hPa的冷垫,迫使暖湿气流爬升,在925 hPa逆温层附近触发对流,冷垫之上西南暖湿气流越强,对流越旺盛,雷达径向速度剖面可以明显看到1 km之下的冷垫。（3）冷季高架雷暴雷电活动剧烈,CG（地闪）占总闪比例60%以上,而+CG则占CG的40%左右,闪电频次和降水有很好的时空对应关系,CG出现在较强降水中心附近及周围,IC和CG突增对降水均有一定的时间提前量。CG更靠近强回波中心,且和≥30 dBZ的回波位置对应较好,IC则分布在雷暴单体外侧回波强度≥15 dBZ的区域。0 ℃等温线以上的（最大）回波强度达到43 dBZ以上或者18 dBZ回波顶高超过7.5 km是湖北冷季高架雷暴是否发生雷电的重要预警因子。（4）地基微波辐射计温度、湿度廓线和探空曲线基本吻合,可以看到明显的冷垫、逆温层及西南急流。基于微波辐射计资料计算的不稳定指数变化特征对冷季高架雷暴的短临预报有重要的实际应用价值。当A指数、TT指数、K指数和T_850-500出现快变抖动时,伴随抖动加剧可以判断将会有雷暴天气发生,当波动曲线开始下降并变得平稳,表示雷暴减弱消亡;θ_{se 850}在雷暴出现后跃增并在320 K附近抖动,雷暴结束后下落到290 K的平稳状态;T_d850在雷暴活跃阶段近乎为0 ℃;T_850-500在雷暴发生前是一个缓慢下降的过程,雷暴结束后大气趋于稳定。