震前云下增温异常及其时段特征

利用卫星热红外图像资料做地震短临预报, 主要依据的是地表大气增温异常在卫星图像上的亮温反映。 但在阴云密布的天气条件下, 这种预报方法却受到了限制, 因为卫星无法探测到地面或水面是否有增温异常。 通过气象资料分析, 得知云层或其他气象条件引起的降温并不能改变震前地表温度增加的趋势。 某些地震之前虽然震中及其附近地区天空阴云密布, 地面增温幅度却可高达十几度。 云下增温曲线可划分为3个时段(即A、 B、 C段), 其中A段与C段分别为增温前与震后的温度变化曲线, 多与日照时间呈正相关关系, 特别是A段的这种关系更具普遍性。 然而, 反映震前地面增温特征的B段却与日照时间没有明显的相关性, 可见这种持续增温、 与云量无关的波状增温等都主要不是由日照或气象条件引起的, 而是一种与地下应力作用、 气体释放、 瞬变电场等有关的震兆现象。 因此, 提高对云下增温的系统观测能力, 是改善热红外地震预报的有效途径。     

海上溢油油膜厚度实验室模拟和理论模型对比研究

溢油量是衡量溢油规模的关键指标,是处理溢油事故的重要依据。油膜厚度是确定溢油量的基本前提,是一个尚未解决的国际难题。实验室中模拟了不同阶段和不同环境条件下扩展油膜的厚度变化特征。结果表明,实验室模拟与理论模型分析具有基本一致的变化趋势,扩展速度与扩展时间成反比;温度是影响油膜厚度的重要因素,相同条件下,温度越高,油膜厚度越小;海水盐度会影响溢油扩展,但这种影响并未延伸到对油膜厚度的控制上。由于实验室模拟限定在平静海面条件下,并未考虑风和海流等扩展中不容忽视的因素,故与理论构建模型相比系数相差较大。通过对比分析,前期构建的理论模型更能准确地反映海洋溢油的实际情况,加之在实例验证中的较高准确性,该模型具有业务化实施和广泛推广的潜力。     

Impacts of confining pressure and safety thickness on water and mud inrush in weathered granite

Abstract

Due to the strong disintegration and water erosion of completely weathered granite, water and mud inrush disasters are apt to take place in this zone during underwater tunnel construction. The pore, compactness, seepage path length, fracture geometries and their interconnections for water and mud transfer are strongly influenced by confining pressure and waterproof-resistant slab safety thickness. In order to inspect the influence, a series of experiments based on a self-designed testing system and non-Darcy testing method were performed. The results indicated that the water and mud inrush evolution increased with the increase of confining pressure and decreased with the increase of safety thickness. In particular, the confining pressure mainly influences the initial evolution stage, and a critical safety thickness to prevent water and mud inrush is obtained. Besides, the non-Darcy testing method results shows that the water and mud inrush evolution affects the influence of non-Darcy flow. For example, while the safety thickness was smaller than the critical value, the evolution was large and unstable and its behavior transferred into nonlinear. In this case, the flow changed to non-Darcy flow.     

The dynamical and liquid water structure of the small cumulus as determined from its environment

This paper examines the evidence for the model of a small cumulus cloud represented as a quasi static but turbulent entity, growing on the upshear side and decaying on the downshear side. While the air just outside the cloudy outline is, on average, stationary relative to the embedding airmass, there is a slight flow, upwards and forward as though the updraft has induced upward motion in the clear air outside the cloud, on the growing side. On the decaying side the motion is downwards and away from the cloud.This is a flow pattern which is not consistent with the air flowing around the cloud as it moves forward but it agrees well with the picture given. Decayed remnants of cloud are found throughout the air previously occupied by the cloud. The cloud outline moves through the embedding air at a velocity which is almost as large as the relative motion of the subcloud feeding airflow (which is almost free from internal wind shear in strong convection).The mixing of dry air from above the inversion yields the observed diluted liquid water content in small cumuli, if such mixing is allowed to proceed until the cloud density equals that of the surrounding air. Quantitative conditions relating the liquid water to inversion temperature and moisture changes, and to the stability of the environment are presented. The strong vertical mixing from the top of the cloud downwards is important to microphysical processes.     

塔东地区主要不整合面剥蚀量的恢复及成因机制

地层剥蚀量的恢复对于构造演化史研究和油气勘探至关重要。通过对高分辨率地震数据的精细解释,在塔东地区识别出9个不整合面,其中与周缘造山作用相关的不整合面包括：志留系与上奥陶统、上泥盆统与前上泥盆统、三叠系与前三叠系、侏罗系与前侏罗系、古近系与白垩系、新近系与古近系等6个主要不整合面。基于平衡剖面技术,通过趋势厚度法,恢复了塔东地区主要不整合面的剥蚀厚度。研究表明：受天山造山带和阿尔金造山带俯冲、碰撞造山运动的影响,志留系与上奥陶统、上泥盆统与前上泥盆统之间不整合面产生的剥蚀作用主要发生在塔东低凸起和若羌凹陷,并且后者的剥蚀作用最强;三叠系与前三叠系之间不整合面产生的剥蚀作用主要发生在孔雀河斜坡一带;侏罗系与前侏罗系之间不整合面产生的剥蚀作用在塔东低凸起、若羌凹陷和孔雀河斜坡等地区都比较强;古近系与白垩系、新近系与古近系之间不整合面产生的剥蚀作用在塔东地区均发生,但整体剥蚀厚度不大。     

甘肃花草滩煤矿区沉积相演化与内部构造的地质意义探讨

花草滩煤矿区地处北祁连褶皱带中段北侧,酒东盆地东端。古生界和中生界地层在区内发育较完整,其中石炭系太原组为含煤地层。经二、三维地震勘探、钻探等工作证实矿床总体上受单斜构造控制。石炭纪中期盆地呈逐渐上升趋势,沉积相演化经历了由海相逐渐过渡到海陆交汇相,再到陆相沉积的阶段。F5和F8断层具顺层断裂特征,破坏煤层的连续性,在一定程度上控制了瓦斯突出区的分带,可作为煤矿瓦斯含量高低的分界标志。     

Five young star clusters in the outer region of the Small Magellanic Cloud

Colour–magnitude diagrams in the Washington system are presented for the first time for five star clusters projected on to the outer region of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The clusters are found to have ages in the range 0.1–1.0 Gyr, as derived from the fit of isochrones with   Z = 0.004  . This sample increases substantially the number of young clusters in the outer SMC – particularly in the south-east quadrant – with well-derived parameters. We combine our results with those for other clusters in the literature to derive as large and homogeneous a data base as possible (totalling 49 clusters) in order to study global effects. We find no conclusive evidence for a dispersion in the cluster ages and metallicities as a function of their distance from the galaxy centre, in the SMC outer region. L 114 and 115, although very distant, are very young clusters, lying in the bridge of the SMC and therefore most likely formed during the interaction which formed this feature. We also find very good agreement between the cluster age–metallicity relation (AMR) and the prediction from a bursting model from Pagel & Tautvaišienė with a burst that occurred 3 Gyr ago. Comparing the present cluster AMR with that derived by Harris & Zaritsky for field stars in the main body of the SMC, we find that field stars and clusters underwent similar chemical enrichment histories during approximately the last couple of Gyr, but their chemical evolution was clearly different between 4 and 10 Gyr ago.     

Is Comet C/1853 E1 (Secchi) extrasolar?

Comet C/1853 E1 (Secchi) has a hyperbolic orbit with eccentricity 1.01060 and perihelion outside of the Earth's orbit. Integrating the orbit with barycentric coordinates backwards to 50000 AU, the approximate edge of the Oort cloud, shows that the orbit remains hyperbolic. This is still true even if plutoids additional to Pluto are included in the integration. Nor does including Galactic tidal and disc effects and possible nongravitational forces change the orbit to a high eccentricity ellipse. Although certain factors, such as unknown massive plutoids, gravitational effects by interstellar gas clouds, or unmodelled nongravitational forces operating on the comet, could change this situation, the tentative conclusion that the origin of this comet is extrasolar remains the one most consistent with the observations (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

云顶充满度的特征分析

本文采用GMS－5红外云母，提取了一个描述云顶结构特征的参数一云顶充满度VS。结合地面观测资料，引入了云高参数DTS，得到并分析了参数VS随云高DTS的分布特征，同时还讨论了VS的天气学意义。     

2008年1月贵州冻雨的数值模拟和层结结构分析

针对2008年初发生在贵州地区的严重冻雨过程,分别从环流背景、低空急流和水汽输送条件等方面分析了准静止锋维持的原因,并选取本次灾害最严重的第3次过程为典型个例,利用WRF模式针对准静止锋影响下的贵州冻雨进行数值模拟来研究冻雨的发生机制。模拟结果较好地反映出高低空环流形势场特征,强雨雪降水带的走向、落区,以及地面温度的分布,均与观测基本吻合。通过分析高分辨率模式的模拟结果,揭示了准静止锋上贵州地区冻雨的层结结构特征及云物质在冻雨区的分布特征。研究结果表明,贵州中部的冻雨区除一般的三层结构(包含冰晶层、暖层和冷层)外,还具有典型的两层结构特征,即:高空的固体降水粒子稀少,900~600 h Pa深厚的逆温层和0℃以上的暖层使中低空存在大量液态粒子,下落的液滴经过近地面的浅薄冷层,形成大量过冷却雨滴,而后降落至地面迅速冻结。