对流凝结加热对华北夏季锋面影响的数值模拟研究

本文利用改进的ＭＭ２模式，用干、湿过程模拟了一次夏季华北锋面结构。干模式仅能模拟出大尺度特征和明显偏弱的锋面环流，而湿模式可模拟出某些重要的中尺度流场特征。表明只要具有合理的模式物理过程，使用大尺度资料，也可以在一定程度上模拟出中尺度系统。对流参数化的试验表明，系统演变和降水预报对湿润因子ｂ和增温廓线很敏感。在此工作基础上，设计了考虑下沉气流的积云参数化方案。初步结果表明，这种方案使降水量预报有改进。     

单层不同类型云系统的特性及高云重叠的影响

通过时空匹配主动遥感产品（2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR）的云类型参数与被动遥感产品（Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System-Single Scanner Footprint: CERES-SSF）的云宏微观物理特性和大气层顶处辐射通量参数（2007/01~2010/12），本文在全球尺度上统计分析了不同类型单层云以及高云重叠的双层云的云特性和大气层顶云辐射强迫。尽管主动和被动卫星遥感产品相互独立，但被动遥感反演的云光学厚度和云相态等参数能够合理反映不同类型云之间的差异。不同类型单层云表现出的云特性差异能进一步影响大气层顶的辐射能量收支。本文通过对比不同类型单层云的Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System（CERES）视场样本数量随短波和长波云辐射强迫的分布，发现它们的高值区形状、位置和面积存在差异，反映了其各自独特的辐射特性。层积云的CERES视场样本数量密集区类似椭球结构，而其它云类型则趋于指数曲线结构。当进一步考虑高云重叠的影响时，统计结果表明:重叠的高云比高云单层状态有更蔽光和更厚的云体；高云重叠的底层云类型则比其单层状态有更透光和更薄的云体；高云重叠的双层云（除了高云重叠积云）对地气系统的净冷却效应要弱于其低层云类型单层状态。本文研究结果旨在加深理解云辐射反馈机制，并为改进模式中云重叠参数化方案提供一定观测依据。     

沿天山地区一次暴雨动力过程和云中水凝物粒子特征的数值模拟研究

在分析了2018年5月23日—24日北疆沿天山一带典型的地形暴雨天气过程的环流形势、水汽输送和暴雨云系特征的基础上,利用高分辨率数值模式WRF3.8.1对暴雨过程进行模拟,在模拟结果与实况较为吻合的基础上,利用模拟资料对暴雨动力过程和云微物理特征进行了分析。结果表明：(1)“两脊一槽”的环流形势是此次暴雨发生的环流背景,东移过程中不断加深的中亚低槽是此次暴雨的影响系统。巴伦支海的水汽经过西西伯利亚平原多次转向输送至暴雨区,为暴雨的产生提供有利的水汽条件。积层混合云快速移过暴雨区使较强降雨持续了约6 h。(2)高分辨率数值模式WRF能较好地反映出此次暴雨过程的降雨性质、雨带分布特征和大值中心位置。模拟结果显示低空急流在向天山移动过程中,受天山地形阻挡抬升,在沿天山一带形成了显著的辐合和上升运动,为此次强降雨提供了有利的动力条件。(3)有利的动力条件使水凝物粒子(冰晶、雪、霰、云水、雨水)能够在北疆沿天山一带地区不断聚集、增长从而形成大值中心,固相粒子与液相粒子在垂直分布上相交的区域存在固—液粒子转化,有利于降雨强度的增强,其中霰粒子和过冷云水发挥了重要的作用。     

On the hydrodynamic behavior of supercooled water drops interacting with columnar ice crystals

A numerical evaluation of the complete Navier-Stokes equations of motion for steady-state, incompressible flow past an infinite circular cylinder is given in terms of the stream function, vorticity, and pressure distribution past such bodies. A method is described which allows use of these flow characteristics: (1) to approximate the characteristics of air flow past hexagonal columnar ice crystals falling under gravity at terminal velocity in air, (2) to compute the trajectory of supercooled cloud drops relative to such ice crystals, and (3) to determine the efficiency with which short columnar ice crystals and needle shaped ice crystals collide with supercooled cloud drops. It is found that for all columnar type ice crystals riming is negligible if the cloud drop size is less than 5 m, and that for riming to commence short columnar crystals must have diameters larger than 50 m, while needle crystals must have diameters larger than 40 m. It is further shown that the collision efficiency cut-offs at the small drop radius and at the large drop radius end of the collision efficiency diagram can be explained on the basis of the cloud drop trajectories for these drop size ranges.     

Characteristics of cloud drop spectra in tropical warm clouds

Characteristics of cloud drop spectra were studied using 400 samples obtained from 120 warm cumulus clouds formed during the summer monsoon season.The total concentration of cloud drops (N _T) varied from 384 to 884 cm^–3 and the maximum concentration was observed in the layer below the cloud-top. The width of the drop spectrum was broader in the cloud-base region and in the region below the cloud-top. The spectrum was multimodal at all levels except in the cloud-top region where it was unimodal. The concentration of drops with diameter greater than 50 m (N _L) varied from 0.0 to 0.674 cm^–3.N _L was larger in the cloud-base region.N _L decreased with height up to the middle level and thereafter showed an increase. In the cloud-top region no large drops were present. The computed values of the liquid water varied between 0.132 and 0.536 g m^–3 and the mean volume diameter (MVD) varied between 8.1 and 12.0 m. The LWC and MVD showed a decrease with height except in the middle region of the cloud where the values were higher than the adjacent levels. The dispersion of the cloud drops was lower (0.65) in the cloud-top region and higher (1.01) in the cloud-base region.The observed cloud microphysical characteristics were attributed to vertical mixing in clouds induced by the cloud-top gravity oscillations (buoyancy oscillations) generated by the intensification of turbulent eddies due to the buoyant production of energy by the microscale-fractional-condensation (MFC) in turbulent eddies.     

Estimation of flow enhancement in the Kinneret watershed due to cloud seeding

A comparison is carried out between historical records of the flow measured in Kinneret watershed during and prior to the time of cloud seeding for rainfall enhancement. Precipitation series for the control area of the meteorological experimentation serve as a reference for the comparison. The fluctuations of the flow, which would have occurred unless the effect of the seeding, are estimated by a linear regression on the precipitation as the control. The regression parameters are calibrated separately for the unseeded and for the seeded time series. The model with the parameters calibrated for the unseeded series is applied on the rainfall recorded during the seeded time, and vice versa. The difference between the measured and the computed data is attributed to the effect of cloud seeding. Similar comparisons are carried out with respect to rainfall series recorded at the target area and at the edge of the enhanced area.The results indicate that the flow from the affected sector of the watershed has been enhanced, with respect to the control, by 31×10⁶ m ³/year, at a significance level of 31. This enhancement is 5% of the volume which is generated in that area. The rates found with respect to the rainfall at the edge are higher than those found with respect to the control, while those with respect to the rainfall at the center of the target area are lower.     

边界层参数化方案的探讨

本文对求取边界层参数的多种参数化方案进行了分析讨论，通过比较表明：新一代空气质量模式系统ＨＰＤＭ采用的参数化方案具有较优的性能，在我国制定大气污染物排放标准时值得借鉴。同时本文还对边界层高度Ｚｉ提出改进方案     

积层混合云数值模拟研究(Ⅱ)──云相互作用及暴雨产生机制

用文（Ⅰ）积层混合云数值模式及暴雨云的平均大气层结模拟研究了暴雨积层混合云的演变过程、两种云的相互作用、云体结构及降水特征，并分析了暴雨产生的物理原因。结果表明，在积层混合云中，当对流发展时其周围层状云减弱甚至消散，层状云的降水强度随着离开对流云距离增大而增大。数值试验说明：层状云给积云提供良好的发展条件，饱和的环境及伴随层状云的辐合场使对流云具有长生命期、产生持续性的高强度降水和间歇性的特高强度降水；积层混合云是一非常有效的降水系统，这些及冰相微物理过程是暴雨产生的主要物理原因。     

A Parameterization of Bowen Ratio with Respect to Soil Moisture Availability

The Bowen ratio (B) is impacted by 5 environmental elements: soil moisture availability, m, the ratio of resist-ances between atmosphere and soil pores, ra/rd, atmospheric relative humidity, h, atmospheric stability, ΔT, and environment temperature. These impacts have been investigated over diverse surfaces, including bare soil, free water surface, and vegetation covered land, using an analytical approach. It was concluded that: (a) B is not a continuous function. The singularity exists at the condition αhcb=h, occurring preferably in the following conditions: weak turbulence, stable stratified stability, dry soil, and humid air, where hcb, defined by Eq.(11) is a critical variable. The existence of a singularity makes the dependence of B on the five variables very complicated. The value of B approaches being inversely proportional to m under the conditions m≥mfc (the soil capacity) and / or ra/rd→0. The proportional coefficient changes with season and latitude with relatively high values in winter and over the poles; (b) B is nearly independent of ra/rd during the day. The impact of m on B is much larger as compared to that of ra/rd on B, (c) when h increases, the absolute value of B also increases; (d) over bare soil, when the absolute surface net radiation increases, the absolute value of B will increase. The impact of RN on B is larger at night than during the day, and (e) over plant canopy, the singularity and the dependcies of B on m, ra , and h are modified as compared to that over bare soil. Also (i) during the daytime unstable condition, m exerts an even stronger impact on B, at night, however, B changes are weak in response to the change in m; (ii) the value of B is much more sensitive in response to the changes of turbulent intensity; (iii) the B response to the variation of h over a vegetation covered area is weaker; and (iv) the singularity exists at the condition hcp=h instead of αhcb=h as over bare soil, where hcp is defined by Eq.(49). The formulas derived over bare soil also hold the same when applied to free water bodies as long as they are visualized as a special soil in which the volumetric fraction of soil pore is equal to one and are fully filled with water. Finally, the above discussions, are used to briefly study the impact on the thermally induced mesoscale circulations.