A Parameterization of Bowen Ratio with Respect to Soil Moisture Availability

The Bowen ratio (B) is impacted by 5 environmental elements: soil moisture availability, m, the ratio of resist-ances between atmosphere and soil pores, ra/rd, atmospheric relative humidity, h, atmospheric stability, ΔT, and environment temperature. These impacts have been investigated over diverse surfaces, including bare soil, free water surface, and vegetation covered land, using an analytical approach. It was concluded that: (a) B is not a continuous function. The singularity exists at the condition αhcb=h, occurring preferably in the following conditions: weak turbulence, stable stratified stability, dry soil, and humid air, where hcb, defined by Eq.(11) is a critical variable. The existence of a singularity makes the dependence of B on the five variables very complicated. The value of B approaches being inversely proportional to m under the conditions m≥mfc (the soil capacity) and / or ra/rd→0. The proportional coefficient changes with season and latitude with relatively high values in winter and over the poles; (b) B is nearly independent of ra/rd during the day. The impact of m on B is much larger as compared to that of ra/rd on B, (c) when h increases, the absolute value of B also increases; (d) over bare soil, when the absolute surface net radiation increases, the absolute value of B will increase. The impact of RN on B is larger at night than during the day, and (e) over plant canopy, the singularity and the dependcies of B on m, ra , and h are modified as compared to that over bare soil. Also (i) during the daytime unstable condition, m exerts an even stronger impact on B, at night, however, B changes are weak in response to the change in m; (ii) the value of B is much more sensitive in response to the changes of turbulent intensity; (iii) the B response to the variation of h over a vegetation covered area is weaker; and (iv) the singularity exists at the condition hcp=h instead of αhcb=h as over bare soil, where hcp is defined by Eq.(49). The formulas derived over bare soil also hold the same when applied to free water bodies as long as they are visualized as a special soil in which the volumetric fraction of soil pore is equal to one and are fully filled with water. Finally, the above discussions, are used to briefly study the impact on the thermally induced mesoscale circulations.     

晴天太阳总辐射的一种参数化形式

根据北京、拉萨等站实测晴天总辐射资料，讨论了应用别尔梁德理论式Ｑ０＝Ｉ０ｓｉｎｈ／１＋ｆｍ作晴天总辐射参数化的可能性。式中除ｆ为参数外，其余符号均属通用。ｆ的参数化形式为ｆ＝０．１８１＋０．０６８８ｌｎ（１＋ｅ），ｅ为水汽压。经灵敏度分析和反演检验证实，该式具有较高的拟合精度（平均相对误差为４．１％）。计算并证实晴天总辐射在自由大气中随气压呈线性变化。最后还讨论了ｆ系数的某些物理、气候特征。     

NOAA气象卫星云检测方法的研究

为了提高气象卫星资料的可用性，排除云干扰，本文根据云的时空分布变化特征，对可见光波段反射率和热红外波段温度进行分析和研究，提出了可见光反射率自动判云、热红外温度自动判云，可见光和热红外组合判云以及设立云区阈值判云等一系列检测方法。并对检测出的云区采用同周期相近时相的图像资料相对变化率来反演替代云区灰度值。保证了图像的连续性和客观性，取得了较好的效果。     

FY-4A卫星闪电资料与ADTD闪电资料在四川省冕宁暴雨中的对比分析及数值模拟

FY-4A卫星闪电资料与地基ADTD(Advanced Direction and Time of arrival Detecting system)闪电资料对于研究暴雨等强对流天气具有一定的指示意义,通过对四川省冕宁暴雨个例的研究,对比分析了这两种闪电资料的差别,设计了将两种闪电资料引入数值预报模式的多组数值试验。结果表明：（1）两种闪电资料在不同地区有不同的探测效果,ADTD闪电资料范围更广且分散,FY-4A卫星监测到的闪电数量更密集、分布更集中;两种闪电资料在进入模式之后所转化成的代理雷达回波具有很好的一致性;对于低频次的闪电来说,ADTD闪电定位仪可能比FY-4A闪电成像仪探测效率更高。（2）引入任何一种闪电资料都对降水预报具有正效果,其中ADTD闪电资料的应用对于短时降水预报准确率的提高更为有效。（3）两种闪电资料对于云微物理量的调整作用,在不同的区域有不同效果,说明这两种闪电资料的分布不完全一致,揭示出这两种闪电资料具有一定的互补性。     

大气数值模式中城市效应参数化方案研究进展

介绍了对城市效应影响大气运动的物理过程,以及在不同尺度大气模式中如何合理考虑这些物理过程,对进一步发展完善城市效应参数化方案中亟待解决的问题及困难作了论述,并着重强调了不同城市冠层参数化方案的优缺点。结论认为,随着城市的扩张,城市效应对大气运动的影响是数值模拟研究中一个不可或缺的物理过程,城市冠层模式的引入可以有效地提高数值模拟效果。对于不同尺度的数值模拟研究工作,应该采取不同的城市效应影响方案。目前,由于冠层模式中涉及的物理过程十分复杂,冠层模式还有待进一步完善,此外冠层方案的验证工作,尤其是应用城市地表能量平衡观测资料进行的验证工作还应该进一步深入开展。     

基于模式参数化方案的塔中地区临界起沙阈值分析

利用2009年7月4日~29日塔中野外试验观测数据,基于MARTICORENA和SHAO提出的2种起沙模式参数化方案,初步探讨塔中地区不同沙尘天气临界起沙风速,所得结论如下：（1）非沙尘天气,沙尘撞击颗粒数≤ 10 000;扬沙天气,10 001 ≤沙尘撞击颗粒数≤ 20 000;沙尘暴天气,沙尘撞击颗粒数≥ 20 001。（2）基于MARTICORENA起沙参数化方案,临界起沙风速的平均值为4.88 m·s^-1,基于SHAO起沙参数化方案,临界起沙风速的平均值为6.24 m·s^-1,临界起沙风速在非沙尘天气最大,在沙尘暴天气最小。（3）在观测期间沙尘水平通量为732.9 kg·m^-1,其中非沙尘天气125.2 kg·m^-1,扬沙天气80.9 kg·m^-1,沙尘暴天气526.8 kg·m^-1,SHAO起沙参数化方案适合估算总沙尘水平通量以及非沙尘和扬沙天气的沙尘水平通量,MARTICORENA起沙参数化方案适合估算沙尘暴天气沙尘水平通量。     

数值模式中的大气边界层参数化方案综述

大气边界层对下垫面和自由大气之间的热量、动量和物质交换以及全球辐射的收支平衡有着非常重要的作用,数值模式中对边界层的模拟需要通过参数化方案表现出来。综述了数值模式中常用的边界层参数化方案,从闭合框架以及边界层内的重要物理过程这两个方面对各类方案进行了总结,并讨论了边界层参数化方案的发展方向。     

云顶高度和温度预报多方案对比检验与集成

基于WRFV3.6.1模式,选取3个单参数方案Lin、WSM6、Thompson和3个双参数方案Morrison 2-mom、CAM5.1、NSSL 2-mom模拟影响江苏地区的云系过程。针对云顶高度和云顶温度2个云宏观变量,利用卫星反演资料进行定量检验,评估各方案的预报能力,挑选出最优参数方案。同时,考虑到单一方案预报的不确定性,利用多方案集成技术来减小预报的系统性的偏差。结果表明,各方案均能较好地模拟出云带的基本走向与分布,但对云带范围的模拟仍存在差异,CAM5.1与NSSL 2-mom方案模拟云系范围较实况偏大,其他方案则偏小。CAM5.1方案为最优方案,NSSL方案虽然可以较好地模拟出云顶高度高值中心和云顶温度低值中心位置,但量级误差较大,预报效果最差。3个单参数方案WSM6、Thompson和Lin对云顶高度和温度的模拟效果大致相当,优于双参数方案Morrison。简单集合平均和消除偏差集合平均有效地减小了预报误差,预报效果优于6个方案中最优的CAM5.1方案,其中消除偏差集合平均结果相对于简单集合平均预报更为准确。     

NUMERICAL STUDIES OF PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES ON SUPER TYPHOON SANBA (2012) DURING ITS INITIAL STAGE

The formation and development of typhoons are closely related to the disturbed low vortexes at the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The effects of five PBL parameterization schemes (PBL schemes hereinafter) on the trajectory, intensity, and distribution of physical quantities are studied using the mesoscale WRF model on Super Typhoon Sanba (2012) during its initial stage. Results show that the five PBL schemes exhibit significant different effects on the simulated intensity and path. The results simulated by QNSE and ACM2 without the Bogus method are close to the best track data in the numerical experiments. When the Bogus method is adopted, the simulated trajectories improve significantly because the initial field is close to the true data. Among the five PBL schemes, QNSE and ACM2 with the Bogus method present improved simulated path and intensity compared with the three other schemes. This finding indicates that the two schemes deal with the initial PBL process satisfactorily, especially in the formation and development of disturbed low vortexes. The differences in the treatment methods of the five PBL schemes affect the surface layer physical quantities and the middle and upper atmospheres during the middle to late periods of the typhoon. Although QNSE and ACM2 present better simulation results than other schemes, they exhibit a few differences in the internal structure of the typhoon. The results simulated by MYJ are worse, and this method may be unsuitable for studying the formation and development of typhoons.     

基于WRF模式和CloudSat卫星资料对黄淮下游一次强对流天气过程的诊断分析和数值模拟

利用Cloud Sat卫星资料和WRF中尺度模式,结合NCEP再分析资料及FY2G静止气象卫星资料,研究了发生在黄淮地区的一次深对流天气过程,分析了此次过程的天气特征、动力结构,重点分析了该次强对流过程中各水成物的时空演变特征。结果表明:(1)黄淮下游地区处于副高西北边缘,温度高,湿度大,对流潜势好。在地面冷锋和低层切变线的抬升触发下,气流不断辐合上升,同时高层冷平流与低层暖湿空气为强对流的发展提供了热力不稳定条件;(2)使用静止卫星TBB产品可以很好的定位、追踪深对流系统,但单一的TBB产品无法分辨深对流云和较厚的高云。本文结合Cloud Sat卫星资料和TBB产品把剖面上的云分为3种:非对流云(NDC),一般深对流云(DC),深对流核(DCC);(3)深对流云核(DCC)位于对流系统南部边缘,在3种云中DCC中冰相粒子粒径大、数浓度多、冰水含量大,且其最大值区域都位于12 km高度附近,这一区域可能是对流云内冰晶凝华增长、凇附增长、聚并增长形成大冰相粒子的关键发生区;(4)耦合了NSSL双参方案的WRF模式对于本次过程体现了较好的模拟效果,并通过模拟再现了此次天气过程中水成物的分布特征,发现本次过程深对流云中存在过冷水累积带特征。冰核核化形成的冰晶通过碰并过程形成雪晶,霰又由雪晶碰撞冻结过冷水滴以及过冷雨滴冻结产生,之后不断增长转化形成冰雹,雹增长到足够大后降落,其中雪晶和过冷水累积带对霰(雹胚)及雹的产生及增长至关重要。