淹没不整合型碳酸盐三级旋回层序——兼论碳酸盐台地的“凝缩作用”

与层序地层学定义的类型Ⅰ层序（ＬＳＴ＋ＴＳＴ＋ＣＳ＋ＨＳＴ）及类型Ⅱ层序（ＳＭＴ＋ＴＳＴ＋ＣＳ＋ＨＳＴ）不同，淹没不整合型碳酸盐三级旋回层序以凝缩段直接覆盖在层序界面之上形成的，“ＣＳ＋ＨＳＴ”序列为特征，而且其底界面为一淹没不整合面或加深饥饿间断面。该类型三级旋回层序是碳酸盐台地淹没事件产生的凝缩作用过程的产物，它以总体向上变浅的非对称相序为特征。华北北部晚寒武世地层中发育的四个淹没不整合型三级旋回层序的相序特征表明，台地淹没事件及其相关的凝缩作用，只要沉积背景适合，并非三级旋回层序所独有，高频率海平面变化也常产生“瞬时淹没”，因而凝缩段并非都发育在最大海侵期，并且凝缩段也存在级别归属问题。     

祁连山空中云水资源开发潜力研究新进展

祁连山及河西走廊地区是我国气候变化敏感区和生态脆弱区。本文通过对2005a以来祁连山云水资源相关最新研究成果的总结,旨在揭示气候变暖对祁连山云水资源影响包括气候变化、水汽时空变化、地形云特征的基础上,分析评估了祁连山云水资源开发潜力及效益。实验研究表明,在祁连山区开展人工增雨(雪)作业,每年可增加降水量3.7×10_⁸～７.4×10_⁸m_³。近10年来,甘肃春季飞机人工增雨作业年均增加降水量为13.5×10_⁸m_³,平均投入产出比为1:30。     

Analysis of the spectrum of the coronal condensation of the total eclipse of 1983 June 11

We analyzed the spectrum of a coronal condensation observed during the total eclipse of 1983 June 11. Under the assumption of rotational symmetry we found the distributions of the electron density and the temperature. The electron density was higher in the centre of the condensation than on the edge. From different line pairs the maximum electron density was found to be between 1.7 3.5×10⁹cm⁻³ while the temperature was found to be basically uniform at 1.7 2.7×10⁶K. The turbulence velocity was 15 35km/s. The systematic flow of the condensation region with respect to the quiet corona was not more than 15km/s. Discussion of the instrumental profile showed that its effect was small on lines that were much wider than the profile.     

西北干旱地区凝结水试验研究

采用称重法,分别在非冻结期和冻结期,对不同土质的土样进行凝结水观测试验,分析讨论凝结水发生的条件、凝结水发生的时间、凝结水形成的主要影响因素、积雪条件下的凝结水、凝结水的数量及其变化以及凝结水的生态环境意义,研究成果对于认识干旱地区凝结水的形成机制及其生态环境意义具有重要价值.     

X-ray emission from accretion disks in active galactic nuclei

We constructed a grid of relativistic models for standard high-relative-luminosity accretion α-disks around supermassive Kerr black holes (BHs) and computed X-ray spectra for their hot, effectively optically thin inner parts by taking into account general-relativity effects. They are known to be heated to high (～10⁶–10⁹ K) temperatures and to cool down through the Comptonization of intrinsic thermal radiation. Their spectra are power laws with an exponential cutoff at high energies; i.e., they have the same shape as those observed in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Fitting the observed X-ray spectra of AGNs with computed spectra allowed us to estimate the fundamental parameters of BHs (their mass and Kerr parameter) and accretion disks (luminosity and inclination to the line of sight) in 28 AGNs. We show that the Kerr parameter for BHs in AGNs is close to unity and that the disk inclination correlates with the Seyfert type of AGN, in accordance with the unification model of activity. The estimated BH masses M_x are compared with the masses M_rev determined by the reverberation mapping technique. For AGNs with luminosities close to the Eddington limit, these masses agree and the model under consideration may be valid for them. For low-relative-luminosity AGNs, the differences in masses increase with decreasing relative luminosity and their X-ray emission cannot be explained by this model.     

晴空与有云大气辐射分布的数值模拟及其对全天空图像云识别的应用

全天空图像自动云识别的研究相对来说是一项较新的研究领域。当前国际上较为通用的全天空图像云识别方法主要依靠图像蓝红灰度值对比的阈值方法进行判断。然而非洁净大气中气溶胶的增多给云识别增加了难度,同时太阳高度角不同天空色度分布情况也不同。文中利用Libradtran辐射传输模式,计算了不同能见度不同太阳高度角情况下3个典型波长(450,550,650nm;蓝/绿/红)无云及有云大气的天空辐亮度分布情况,并进行了比较分析。结果表明,相同太阳高度角情况下,无云及有云大气中蓝红比值随能见度的下降呈单调下降趋势。在特定的云光学厚度和能见度情况下,天空色度彼此呈现出类似的分布状况。全天空图像阈值判断云识别自适应算法的建立需要与太阳高度角、地面能见度联系起来。当前尚无法建立一个判断阈值随太阳高度角以及能见度变化的函数关系式。较为可行的办法是建立典型能见度、典型太阳高度角情况下的辐射信息库,在具体云识别时,首先确定太阳高度角,而后根据天空辐射比情况确定天空能见度,并利用辐射信息标准库做云或非云判别。该工作为全天空云识别算法提供判别依据,同时建立云识别随能见度和太阳高度角变化的判别信息库。     

一次过冷层状云催化云迹微物理特征的卫星遥感分析

利用卫星反演技术,通过卫星观测到的一次人工增雨催化作业后形成的云迹线个例,分析了云迹线与其周围云的光谱特征、亮温、亮温差、云顶粒子有效半径等云微物理特征,比较了它们之间的差异,揭示了这次过冷层状云催化的微物理效应。云迹实际上是持续时间超过80 min、宽和深分别约为14 km和1.5 km的云谷。云迹周围的云顶粒子有效半径为10—15μm,而云沟内的粒子在15—24μm变化。周围云体由过冷滴组成,中间可能夹杂了一些低浓度的冰粒子,云沟内云的主要成分是冰。和周围未被催化的云相比,0.6μm通道的光谱反射率,在云沟处有明显的增加,而3.7μm通道反射率在云沟内是降低的,尽管其绝对变化幅度不大,但其相对变化幅度较大。随着播云时间的增加,云沟深度、宽度逐渐增加,云沟内和周围云体的温差逐渐增加,对通道4和5而言,在最早催化部位,最大分别达到4.2℃和3.9℃,4和5通道之间云沟内的亮温差也是随冰晶化时间的增加而增加,最大为1.4℃,而云沟周围云为0.2—0.4℃。云沟的形成、云沟内云顶温度的增加和4,5通道之间亮温差的增加,都足以说明被播云体变薄,其原因是由于云顶降水使得云内的水流失,云顶下降。云顶冰晶化、冰粒子增长成降水造成云顶下沉,是云沟形成的主要原因。对于本次播云作业,晶化作用在播云22 min后逐渐显现。在播云后38—63 min,有新的水云在云沟的中间部位生成,可能是由于冻结潜热释放引起的上升运动所致。而新生水云在形成较早的云迹中没有出现,这些较早形成的云迹在80多分钟的整个观测期间持续扩散。最终,在周围云从外向云沟内的扩散过程中,云沟开始消散。     

遥感图像中云层遮挡影响消除方法研究述评

 综合评述了目前用于消除遥感图像云层遮挡影响方法的原理、应用现状及处理过程中存在的问题，并在同一实验区比较了同态滤波和Kriging插值等方法的处理效果，结果表明，Kriging插值处理具有一定的优越性。     

Cloud condensation nuclei measurements at Mace Head, Ireland, over the period 1994–2002

Analyses of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations (cm^− 3) measured at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station, near Carna, County Galway, Ireland, using a DH Associates Model M1 static thermal diffusion cloud chamber over the period from March 1994 to September 2002 are presented in this work. Air masses are defined as being ‘marine’ if they originate from a wind direction of 180–300° and ‘continental’ air masses are defined as originating from a wind direction of 45–135°. Air masses without such filtering were classified as ‘undefined’ air masses. Air masses were found to be dominated by marine sector air, re-affirming Mace Head as a baseline atmospheric research station. CCN levels for specific air masses at Mace Head were found to be comparable with earlier studies both at Mace Head and elsewhere. Monthly averaged clean marine (wind direction of 180–300° and black carbon absorption coefficient < 1.425 Mm^− 1) CCN and marine CCN varied between 15–247 cm^− 3 and 54–670 cm^− 3, respectively. As expected, significant increases in number concentration were found in continentally sourced CCN over that of marine CCN and were found to follow a log-normal distribution significantly tighter than that of clean marine air masses. No significant trend was found for CCN over the 9-year period. While polluted continental air masses showed a slight increase in CCN concentrations over the winter months, most likely due to increased fuel usage and a lower mixed boundary layer, the dominance of marine sector air arriving at Mace Head, which generally consists of background CCN concentrations, reduced seasonal differences for polluted air. Marine air showed a distinct seasonal pattern, with elevated values occurring over the spring and summer seasons. This is thought to be due to enhanced biogenic aerosol production as a result of phytoplankton bloom activity in the North Atlantic.