近50年中国地面气候变化基本特征

采用国家基准气候站和基本气象站的地面资料,系统地分析了中国大陆地区1951年以来近地表主要气候要素演化的时间和空间特征。结果表明,中国近50 a来年平均地表气温变暖幅度约为1.1℃,增温速率接近0.22℃/(10 a),比全球或半球同期平均增温速率明显偏高。地表气温增暖主要发生在最近的20余年,其季节和空间特征与前人分析结论基本一致。降水量变化趋势对所取时间段和区域范围敏感。1951年以来全国平均降水量变化趋势不明显,但1956年以来略有增加。降水变化的空间特征明显而相对稳定,东北北部、包括长江中下游的东南部地区和西部广大地区降水增加,而华北地区以及东北东南部和西北东部地区降水明显减少。分析还发现,近50a来全国平均的日照时数、平均风速、水面蒸发等气候要素均呈显著下降趋势,但积雪地带的最大积雪深度却有所增加。中国日照时间和水面蒸发量变化的空间特征很相似,减少最明显的地区均发生在华北和华东,新疆次之。影响中国年代以上尺度气候变化的因子错综复杂,人类活动引起的大气中温室气体浓度增高可能在一定程度上影响了中国近50 a来的气候,但考虑到尚存的不确定性,目前仍不能给出明确结论。中国东部大部分地区日照时间和水面蒸发量减少可能均起源于人为排放的气溶胶影响,平均风速减弱也有利于水面蒸发量下降,而在西部地区云量和降水量的变化可能更重要。     

多源遥感影像配准技术分析

图像配准技术是近年来发展迅速的图像处理技术之一,是图像融合、目标提取与定位、变化监测、高分辨率影像重建等处理工作不可缺少的步骤。首先给出了多源遥感影像配准的概念和基本过程,然后着重从匹配基元、转换函数、相似性测度、匹配策略4个方面对国内外现有的影像配准技术和方法进行了分析和评述,最后指出了影像配准技术所面临的主要难题和发展方向。     

自组织特征映射神经网络在测井岩性识别中的应用

为了解决测井岩性识别问题,引入具有较强的聚类和容错能力的自组织特征映射(SOFM)神经网络．在说明SOFM网络的模型和算法的基础上,结合某地的实际测井资料,建立SOFM网络岩性识别模型,进行岩性识别的应用研究．结果表明,识别的准确率较高,证明SOFM网络可以用于解决测井岩性识别问题,具有很好的应用前景．     

气候模式中云辐射反馈过程机理的评述

云对地气系统的辐射收支具有十分重要的作用,云辐射参数化是目前气候模式中不确定性的主要来源。云可以通过多种途径对辐射产生影响,形成不同符号、不同量值的反馈机制。研究表明,模式气候对不同的云辐射参数化方案十分敏感。预报云水含量方案的引入,改进了对云辐射过程的模拟,但与观测资料相比仍有差距。一般说来,模式中引入云水的相变和相互作用的云粒子大小产生负反馈,而光学厚度和云量产生的是正反馈。云辐射反馈的净作用其大小和符号因模式而异。云辐射与大尺度天气气候背景之间有着紧密的联系,尤其是海温对辐射平衡有显著影响。最后总结了当前云辐射研究中存在的主要问题,并提出了改进的途径。     

衡山构造蚀变岩型金矿特征及其找矿方向

衡山南岳岩体北侧,地质构造复杂,岩浆活动频繁,金矿成矿地质条件有利,已发现一个具有远景的金矿带,其中石子坳矿区为构造蚀变岩型金矿。本文简要地介绍了区域和矿区地质特征,总结出花岗闪长斑岩,硅化带和As元素化探异常等3条找矿标志,建议在该区开展大比例尺化探测量和地质填图,普查北西向硅化断裂破碎带,并对石子坳含金破碎带进行深部验证,寻找隐伏金矿床。     

气候噪声和气候系统的分维

根据相空间嵌入定理,按照Grassberger和Procaccia提出的计算分数维的方法,利用近百年来南、北半球地面气温资料,估算了气候吸引子的分数维,计算结果表明：气候吸引子的分数维南半球为3.3～3.7,北半球为3.2～3.7。它提供了气候吸引子的自相似结构的基本信息,表明模似气候系统最少需要4个独立变量。另外,还讨论了气候噪声对估算维数的影响。     

道路网匹配的蚁群算法求解模型

目的 利用蚁群算法的群体优势,寻找全局最优的道路网同名实体匹配方案。首先从几何矢量误差和结构特征两方面建立了匹配问题的数学约束模型;然后阐述了蚁群算法求解匹配问题的基本原理,设计了问题求解模型,并引入自适应和局部搜索策略提高了算法效率;最后给出了求解的关键步骤。实验证明,利用蚁群算法进行道路网匹配是有效、可行的,为求解匹配问题提供了新思路。     

Tripartite climate reversal in Central Europe 5600-5300 years ago

The history of variations in water level of Lake Constance, as reconstructed from sediment and pollen analysis of a sediment sequence from the archaeological site of Arbon-Bleiche 3, shows an abrupt rise in lake level dendrochronologically dated to 5375 yr ago (5320 yr relative to AD 1950). This event, paralleled by the destruction of the Neolithic village by fire, provoked the abandonment of this prehistoric lake-shore location established in the former shallow bay of Arbon-Bleiche, and was the last of a series of three episodes of successively higher lake level, the first occurring at 5600-5500 cal yr B.P. The dendrochronologically dated rise event was synchronous with an abrupt increase in atmospheric ¹⁴C. This supports the hypothesis of an abrupt climate change forced by varying solar activity. Moreover, the three successive episodes of higher lake level between 5600 and 5300 cal yr B.P. at Arbon-Bleiche 3 coincided with climatic cooling and/or changes in moisture conditions in various regions of both hemispheres. This period corresponds to the mid-Holocene climate transition (onset of the Neoglaciation) and suggests inter-hemispheric linkages for the climate variations recorded at Arbon-Bleiche 3. This mid-Holocene climate reversal may have resulted from complex interactions between changes in orbital forcing, ocean circulation and solar activity. Finally, despite different seasonal hydrological regimes, the similarities between lake-level records from Lake Constance and from Jurassian lakes over the mid-Holocene period point to time scale as a crucial factor in considering the possible impact of climate change on environments.     

Luminescence dating reveals a rapid response to climate change of fluvial terrace formation along the Ani River,northeastern Japan,during the last glacial period

Fluvial terraces along the middle reaches of many Japanese rivers were formed during the last glacial period as a result of changes in sediment discharge related to cooler temperatures and/or reduced water discharge because of lower precipitation. The influence of climate change on these fluvial terraces is not yet fully understood because most previous studies lacked detailed reconstructions of the chronology of terrace development. This study provides a detailed luminescence chronology of fluvial terrace deposits along the Ani River, northeastern Honshu, Japan, and compares that chronology to paleoclimatic records. Eight samples for luminescence dating were obtained from an outcrop of terrace deposits (∼10 m thick) in the Ani River valley. The fading-corrected infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) ages are consistent with the fading-corrected post-IR IRSL ages for some samples, which suggests that fading corrections were effective despite the higher fading rates of the IRSL signal. However, for the other samples, the post-IR IRSL ages are significantly older than the fading-corrected IRSL ages due to incomplete bleaching. The pulsed IRSL signals are close to field saturation for older samples, which might have resulted in a greater variation of the ages. Fading-corrected IRSL ages demonstrate periods of rapid aggradation during 105–90 ka and 75–60 ka. Comparison of terrace development with paleoclimatic records indicates that the two periods of fluvial deposition correspond to decreases in precipitation caused by weakened East Asian summer monsoon precipitation and possibly decreases in temperature. The results of this study show that the Ani River responded rapidly to climate change on a time scale of a few tens of thousands of years during the last glacial period.     

Effects of precipitation and landuse on runoff during the past 50 years in a typical watershed in the Loess Plateau, China

In the past century, great progress has been made worldwide in our understanding of forest-water relationship. The successful forestation programs implemented in China-which have improved the ecological environmental conditions-have gained the attention of many researchers and highlighted the relationship between forestation and water yields. The arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau has received attention from water engineers and eco-hydrological researchers in China because of a shortage in water resources. We selected one of the oldest stations conducting soil and water conservation experiments, the Xifeng soil and water conservation station, and chose the Nanxiaohe catchment and its paired catchments （Yangjiagou catchment and Dongzhuanggou catchment） as our research areas. Trends in precipitation, air temperature, streamflow over the past 50 years, and the effect of changing land use on streamflow were analyzed. The Mann-Kendall test showed that precipitation had a negative trend （downward trend）, whereas air temperature showed a positive trend （upward trend） from the past to present in the Nanxiaohe catchment. However, the trends seen in precipitation, air temperature did not contain any ＂jumping points.＂ The paired catchment approach is used to detect the effects of land cover change on hydrology in the Yangjiagou and the contrast catchment, i.e., Dongzhuanggou catchment in our study. The results showed a large change in land use in the Yangjiagou catchment from 1954 to 2008. An increase in forested land （from 0% to 40.08% from 1954 to 2008） and a reduction of bare land （from 51.26% to 5.50% from 1954 to 2008） accounted for a large part of the change in land use. However, the land use changed little in the contrast catchment. The comparison of streamfiow in the paired catchments showed that forestation reduced streamflow by 49.63% （or 6.5 mm） each year.