气候变化对环境与健康影响研究进展

气候变化对环境与健康的影响日益受到关注。分析了气候变化对大气环境、水环境和土壤环境的胁迫效应,阐述了气候变化对生态系统和人体健康的影响,并概述了气候变化对不同介质环境以及对生态系统与人体健康影响研究的进展。这一工作可以为今后气象与环境领域开展进一步研究提供基本框架。     

碳循环及对气候变化和人类生存环境的影响

碳循环及全球变暖已成为影响气候变化、人类生存环境和经济共同发展和安全的重大问题,引起了全球科学、政治、外交政策等部门的重视。本文着重探讨碳循环的由来、生态系统与碳循环的科学相关、在碳循环方面,中国需要解决的问题和科学技术方法以及碳循环系统的科学研究方法和改进等问题。     

Landscape adaptation to climate change: Local networks,social learning and co-creation processes for adaptive planning

The development of legitimate, operative, and feasible landscape adaptation planning for climate change is dependent on the specific characteristics of the landscape and its inhabitants. Spatial patterns, culture, governance systems, socio-economic structures, planning methods, history, and collectively envisioned futures need to be accommodated. The literature suggests that landscape is a complex and dynamic socio-ecological system, the management and adaptation of which requires systemic and integrative approaches to respond to a wide variety of drivers of change, challenges, and interests. Based on activities developed in 15 European pilot landscapes, we identify some of the key factors and conditions affecting the generation of representative local networks for landscape adaptation to climate change. We illustrate how social learning and co-creation processes can be implemented in them and how their co-produced outcomes can help local communities overcome barriers and address critical issues in adaptive planning. Our results provide a framework for the creation of similar networks in other landscapes, exploring at the same time the interactions between the composition of networks, social learning, and the quality of the co-produced outputs as a fundamental step for the development of Landscape Adaptation Plans to Climate Change.     

The role of adaptive capacity in incremental and transformative adaptation in three large U.S. Urban water systems

Urban water systems need to serve increasing numbers of people under a changing climate. Studies of systems facing extreme events, such as drought, can clarify the nature of adaptive capacity and whether this might support incremental (marginal changes) or transformative adaptation (fundamental system shifts) to climate change. We conducted comparative case studies of three major metropolitan water systems in the United States to understand how actions taken in response to drought affected adaptive capacity and whether the adaptive capacity observed in these systems fosters the preconditions needed for transformative adaptation. We find that while there is ample evidence of existing and potential adaptive capacity, this can be either enabled or diminished by the specific actions taken and their cascading effects on other parts of the system. We also find social dimensions, such as public acceptance, learning, trust, and collaboration, to be as critical as physical elements of adaptive capacity in urban water systems. Finally, we suggest that changes in practices initiated during drought, combined with sustained engagement, collaboration, and education, can lead to substantial and long-lasting changes in values around water, a precursor to transformative adaptation.     

Weapons of the vulnerable? A review of popular resistance to climate adaptation

Climate adaptation is not a neutral or apolitical process, but one that ignites social resistance. Government responses to risks of floods, droughts, or hurricanes – even those using a language of participation – might follow historical development pathways, strive to maintain the status quo, and directly or indirectly serve elite interests. Little attention has been paid to how people defy or resist top-down adaptation processes, overtly or covertly, in particular cultural, historical, and legal contexts. Drawing on sociological thought on popular resistance, this paper systematises research on people’s resistance to climate adaptation by scrutinising the sites, repertoires, and consequences of such resistance. We identified overt and covert resistance in 56 scientific adaptation articles, which concentrated on 5 ‘sites’ of resistance: Rural livelihoods, Urban informal settlements, Islands, First Nations, and Institutional landscapes. The findings imply that resistance to adaptation occurs globally, and not least in the context of relocation processes and participatory adaptation. We show how a resistance lens can help understand contemporary political behaviours, shed light on dynamic and compound vulnerability, and’unlock’ more context-sensitive and even transformative adaptation. Meanwhile, resistance and popular movements are not only progressive, and there might be conceptual barriers to moving from resistance to transformation or reconciling resistance with actions by or with the state.     

Constructing the adaptation economy: Climate resilient development and the economization of vulnerability

Climate resilient development is emerging as a global policy strategy that integrates climate adaptation and mitigation into sustainable development decisions. For the Caribbean small island developing state (SIDS) of Antigua and Barbuda, the national government is pursuing climate resilient development through multilateral climate funds to protect economic growth from climate and weather-related disasters. Critical adaptation literature argues that interpreting climate vulnerability through an economic growth lens prioritizes economic solutions over other development concerns, which can further the uneven distribution of climate vulnerability and risk. Despite revealing the consequences of market-based climate actions, research has yet to fully understand the economization of vulnerability, which describes the political techniques that render and reconfigure vulnerability in calculated ways. By tracing the discursive interactions between multilateral climate financial institutions and the Antigua and Barbuda national government, this paper empirically examines how vulnerability is economized through climate resilient development. Findings identify the construction of ‘adaptation economies’ in watershed areas, which are economies that can capitalize upon climate challenges within areas of highest vulnerability through fee-for-climate services. The results illustrate that economic growth rationalities characterize climate vulnerability problematizations, which incentivize solutions that enforce the economic development of areas with the highest disaster impacts. Based on these findings, this study emphasizes a need to critically evaluate national actor efforts to re-organize development under climate financing rationales, and its vulnerability-inducing effects.     

红河州气候康养资源时空分布特征分析与效应评价

基于红河州各县市30年常规气象观测资料和医疗数据,根据人体舒适度、旅游气候适宜度等指标规范,对全州气候康养资源的分布特征进行了挖掘,对其康养效应进行了初步探析与评估。研究结果表明：（1）红河州13县市气候康养资源具有空间差异性,其中,金平县、个旧市、绿春县、泸西县、屏边县均全年无夏,适宜避暑为主的康养;而河口县、元阳县、开远市、红河县全年无冬,适宜避寒为主的康养;蒙自市、建水县、弥勒市、石屏县则为四季温和型“春城”气候,四季康养皆宜。（2）全州舒适期长达7个月,属于四季全域康养旅游目的地,其中最适宜旅游月份是2-4月和9-11月。（3）全州平均期望寿命排在前三位的金平县、泸西县、个旧市3个县市,其春秋季节天数都在300天以上,均属于春秋型气候养生区;其中排在第一位的金平县,百岁老人最多,被认定为云南首个“长寿之乡”。（4）心脑血管疾病发生率与气侯舒适性关系密切,气候不适天数较多（舒适天数较少）的地区心脑血管疾病发生率也较高。此项研究既可为欲去红河州进行气候康养者提供重要参考,又可为当地康养产业发展提高科学依据,也为刚刚开始的气候康养研究提供借鉴。     

气候变化对东北区粮食产量的影响及其适应性对策

采用作物生长发育和产量形成对气温、降水等资源环境条件的反应函数,建立了在气候变化条件下粮食产量变率理论推算模式,分析了在主要农作物生长季气温升、降1-2℃与降水增、减10%-20%的各种组合条件下,东北各地粮、豆作物产量的变化,提出了适应气候变化的农业对策.结果表明,气候变化对产量影响较大,地域差异明显.气温升、降1℃,粮、豆单产将升、降2%-40%,东北部变幅大于西南部;降水量增、减10%,西、西南部粮食产量将增加或减少10%左右,东南部则相反.各地应根据其影响情况采取不同的农业生产对策,如调整作物品种布局和种植结构,加强灾害防御,以确保粮食生产长期持续稳定地发展.     

Numerical Modelings of the Climatic Effects of the Land-Sea Distribution and Topography

The effects of the land-sea contrast and the topography on the climatic properties are simulated in this paper by use of a p- σ incorporated coordinate system model in a zonal domain. In this paper we firstly discuss the statistical features of the model and find that the capability of the model is stable, with the same land-sea distribution and to-pography seven monthly mean climate states are close to one another, their variance is even less than the initial one. Secondly, we focally discuss the effects of the land-sea contrast and the topography on the modeled climate fields, It is pointed out that the land-sea contrast and the topography influence the atmosphere mainly through the heating ef-fect and the former has larger influences on the simulated large scale climate fields than the latter.