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81.
We analyze the effect of tectonic plate velocities in the earthquake pattern using a simple mass-spring model of the Burridge and Knopoff type with two blocks and a velocity-weakening friction law. Previous versions of the two-block model assume a steady driver during slip events (limit of zero driver velocity), which, in some cases makes necessary the introduction of artificial parameters to start the numerical integration of the equations of motion at impending slip of any block. Still maintaining the condition of zero driver velocity during slip, we shall introduce a procedure to start the numerical integration without introducing artificial parameters and this will be done by using a linearized version of the equations of motion valid for small velocities and considering nonzero driver velocity. We also introduce a four parameter model in which the driver velocity enters the equations during the whole simulation, and analyze the effect of the new parameter, the driver velocity, in the displacement and time patterns of blocks motion, directly related to earthquake statistics such as coseismic slips and average repeat times. 相似文献
82.
83.
大气环流的奇偶对称性(Ⅰ)理论依据和气候特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
文中使用奇偶对称分析方法,利用观测资料对全球环流的奇偶对称分量的分布做了分析,指出奇偶分布的气候特征及其时间演变能反映南北半球海陆差异带来的影响,揭示大气对辐射加热响应的时间尺度、环流的波动结构及全球环流季节性调整等一些特征。 相似文献
84.
85.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of drought on grazing patterns of livestock in a communal rangeland in Namaqualand. Water points were the foci of almost all grazing routes even after the drought, and the areas away from the water points were less heavily utilized. The mountains could be regarded as key resource areas for livestock since the grazing intensity was higher in the elevated areas of the rangeland than on the surrounding low lying areas during and immediately after drought. Spatial patterns of resource use by livestock on the commons did not differ during the drought and post-drought period. The lengths of the daily grazing routes were similar for both periods. This may be a consequence of the weakness of animals during the drought when forage was scarce which prevented them from walking further. The size of home ranges of the herds did not change during the two monitoring periods. We attribute this to social reasons because herders try to avoid the mixing of herds. In the commons of Namaqualand, herders are also spatially constrained and this restricts their options to adapt to drought, and hence many animals died. 相似文献
86.
Ken Thomson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2007,70(2):183-201
Three-dimensional seismic data from the Faeroe-Shetland Basin provides detailed information on the relationships between sills,
dykes, laccoliths and contemporaneous volcanic activity. The data shows that sills are predominantly concave upwards, being
complete or partial versions of radially or bilaterally symmetrical forms that possess flat inner saucers connected to a flat
outer rim by a steeply inclined sheet. Such morphologies are only partially modified by pre-existing faults. Sills can be
sourced from dykes or the steep climbing portions of deeper sills. Both sills and dykes can provide magma to overlying volcanic
fissures and sills can be shown to feed shallow laccoliths. Magma flow patterns, as revealed by opacity rendering, suggest
that sills propagate upwards and outwards away from the magma feeder. As an individual sill can consist of several leaves
emplaced at different stratigraphic levels, and as a sill or dyke can provide magma to volcanic fissures, other sills and
laccoliths, the data suggests that neutral buoyancy concepts may not provide a complete explanation for the mechanism and
level of sill emplacement. Instead, the data suggests that the presence of lithological contrasts, particularly ductile horizons
such as overpressured shales may permit sill formation at any level below the neutrally buoyant level.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Ken Thomson–deceased, April 2007 相似文献
87.
山东夏季降水量场预测模型研究及预测试验 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
从预测山东夏季降水场的需要出发,用山东1961-2001年夏季降水资料,研究了山东夏季降水的基本分布型式及其与北半球500hPa月平均高度、大气环流特征量及北太平洋海温之间关系。结果表明:不同的分布型存在不同的前期预测强信号。以这些强信号为主要预报因子结合考虑降水趋势振荡,构建出山东夏季降水场预测模型,并进行了预测试验。 相似文献
88.
89.
北半球大气臭氧层的遥相关结构分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文分析了北半球冬春季和夏秋季大气O_3层的遥相关结构.结果发现,O_3层存在一系列遥相关型,其时域特征与O_3层槽脊及大气环流型的变化有关,主要可分为:(1)O_3槽间型,(2)O_3槽脊型,(3)O_3脊间型.表明遥相关区域的空间分布具有波状结构.随着环流型的季节调整,冬春季与夏秋季O_3层的遥相关结构存在着差异.所得结果可显示出大气环流对O_3的输送作用以及环流系统振荡导致的O_3层异常分布,这对进一步揭示O_3层的时域演变特征具有重要意义. 相似文献
90.
山东碳酸岩磷灰石的特征及其研究意义 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
鲁中隆起的北缘分布着100多个燕山期的碳酸岩体。本文详细研究了岩体中磷灰石的一些重要特征,包括晶体形态、物理性质、光学常数、晶胞参数、化学成分、包裹体及钕锶同位素组成等。并据所得资料对岩体的成因,成岩物质来源等问题进行探讨。 相似文献