基于GIS的农业气候资源区域化问题研究——以甘肃省为例

在农业气候资源研究中,站点数据的区域化问题是进行资源优化配置和高效利用的一个重要环节。通过采用逐步回归分析与空间插值相结合的方法,以甘肃省及其相邻省区的112个站点1970~2001年31年的月平均温度和降水数据以及计算得到的月平均太阳辐射和潜在蒸散量为数据源,对甘肃省气候资源进行了区域化。对每种气象要素都采用了两种空间插值方法,并对插值结果运用了绝对验证和相对验证两种方法进行了验证和对比。结果表明:温度残差的平均绝对误差(MAE)是Spline< IDW, 其值分别为:0.744℃和0.754℃,平均相对误差(RME)分别为:9.56%和9.66%。降水的平均绝对误差是Kriging温度>潜在蒸散量>降水,但都达到了较高的精度。     

北京市密云县前火石岭泥石流沟形成条件及特征分析

北京地区现有泥石流沟856条,分布在北京北部燕山山脉和西部太行山脉一带,受地形地貌、地质条件、降雨条件以及人类活动影响较明显,总体以暴雨沟谷型泥石流为主。密云县前火石岭泥石流沟是燕山山脉一带典型的一条泥石流沟,文章在地质调查和勘查的基础上,从地质条件、地形地貌、降雨条件、人类活动等方面,综合分析前火石岭泥石流沟的形成条件及特征,同时对泥石流沟的发育情况进行深入剖析,按10年一遇暴雨强度的设计标准,在泥石流沟上游、中游、沟口3个断面计算泥石流运动特征参数,得出该泥石流沟为低易发-中等易发稀性水石流,目前处于发展阶段的停歇期,区域高强度集中降水为泥石流灾害的激发因素,泥石流的峰值流量等运动参数沿沟逐渐增大。分析结果对该泥石流沟的治理方案制定具有重要意义,对燕山山脉一带泥石流沟的防治具有借鉴作用。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘近40年大雾变化特征分析—蔡家湖区域

利用新疆蔡家湖气象站1971-2010年大雾天气现象观测资料,分析了该地区近40a大雾天气的年际、年代际、日变化特征以及大雾天气的持续时间特征。研究表明：蔡家湖近40a大雾的年日数年际变化不明显;秋季雾日增多趋势明显,春季和冬季雾日呈减少的趋势;大雾主要出现在冬季,其次为秋季;一日中大雾主要发生在02-08时,其次为8-14时;大雾持续时间大多在3h之内;40a雾的最长持续时间为46．88h,出现在2010年11月;各月平均最长持续时间为14．49h,也出现在11月;最长持续时间季节分布呈秋末和冬季较长,夏季较短;大多月份雾的最长持续时间呈增长的趋势;当出现2d及以上的高湿天气,且日平均气温在一7．O～O℃、日最高气温在一6．0～0℃时,有利于雾的持续。     

利用折射指数推算大气纬圈平均风场方法

鉴于地转风、梯度风和平衡风各自计算风场的特点,该文利用COSMIC掩星折射指数资料,根据大气折射指数与大气密度、风场之间的关系,选用梯度风方程,建立了推算20~60 km中层大气纬圈平均风场的方法,分别与ECMWF提供的ERA-interim及NASA/GMAO提供的MERRA再分析风场资料对比验证。选用2007年1,4,7月和10月的COSMIC掩星折射指数数据,按照构建的方法计算了大气纬圈平均风场,并简单分析了大气纬圈平均纬向风随纬度、高度的变化特征及规律。计算风场与ECMWF及MERRA再分析风场资料变化规律基本一致,符合效果很好, 能够正确反映出纬向平均风场特性。1月及7月不同高度标准偏差、最大偏差随高度增加而增大,标准偏差最大约为6 m/s,最大偏差不超过11 m/s,沿纬度方向相关系数有减小的趋势,但不低于0.98,4月及10月偏差稍小,最大偏差不超过8 m/s。结果表明:利用COSMIC掩星折射指数资料通过梯度风方程计算风场,是获取中层大气20~60 km纬圈平均风场的一种有效方法。     

Problems of Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian stratigraphy in northern Central Siberia (Nordvik Peninsula section)

The Oxfordian–Lower Hauterivian section of the Nordvik Peninsula (northern Central Siberia) is a reference for developing zonal scales for various fossil groups and improving the Boreal zonal standard. In the middle 1950s–late 1980s, it was studied extensively by geologists, stratigraphers, lithologists, and experts on various fossil groups. These studies yielded rich fossil and microfossil collections and a set of parallel zonal scales for various faunal groups. Recently, a new detailed ammonite zonation of the Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian units of this section has been proposed. These results contradict the previous biostratigraphic data on ammonites, foraminifers, and palynomorphs. In the present paper, all the biostratigraphic data on the Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian units of the Nordvik Peninsula (Cape Urdyuk-Khaya) and northern Central Siberia undergo a comprehensive analysis and comparison with those on the Boreal Realm. The ammonite-constrained stratigraphic position of the lower Upper Jurassic in the Cape Urdyuk-Khaya section is interpreted as Upper Oxfordian or Middle Oxfordian. In our view, this difference in the understanding is due to the misidentification of some Oxfordian ammonite forms. The zones based on other fossil groups (foraminifers, dinocysts) which were distinguished in the Upper Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian sections of the Nordvik Peninsula are well traceable circumarctically. Their stratigraphic position in various regions of the Northern Hemisphere is constrained by ammonites and bivalves. However, if we use the last alternative ammonite zonation of this section part, hardly explicable contradictions will appear in interregional foraminiferal and dinocyst correlations.     

孟加拉湾西南季风与南海热带季风季节内振荡特征的比较

采用美国国家环境预报中心的向外长波辐射和风场资料及日本气象厅的降水资料,用30-60d滤波后的夏季风指数在孟加拉湾和南海的区域平均值分别代表孟加拉湾西南季风和南海热带季风季节内振荡,对两支季风的季节内振荡特征进行比较分析,发现孟加拉湾西南季风的季节内振荡和南海热带季风的季节内振荡在夏季风期间(5-10月)都有约3次半的波动.夏季风期间,在阿拉伯海-西太平洋纬带上,夏季风的季节内振荡有4次从阿拉伯海的东传和3次从西太平洋的西传,其中7月后东传可直达西太平洋.孟加拉湾和南海在夏季风期间都有4次季节内振荡的经向传播,但孟加拉湾在约15°N以南为季节内振荡从热带东印度洋的北传,在约15°N以北则为副热带季风季节内振荡的南传;而在南海则是4次季节内振荡从热带的北传.在以孟加拉湾西南季风季节内振荡和南海热带季风季节内振荡分别划分的6个位相中,都存在1-3位相和4-6位相中低频对流、环流形势相反的特征,这是由热带东印度洋季节内振荡的东传和北传所致.热带印度洋季节内振荡沿西南-东北向经过约14d传到孟加拉湾,激发了孟加拉湾西南季风季节内振荡的东传,经过约6d到达南海,激发了南海热带季风季节内振荡的北传,经过约25d到达华南,形成热带印度洋季节内振荡向华南的经纬向接力传播(45d).孟加拉湾西南季风季节内振荡所影响的降水主要是在20°N以南的热带雨带随低频对流的东移而东移;而南海热带季风季节内振荡所影响的降水除了这种热带雨带随低频对流的东移外,还有在20°N以北的东亚副热带地区存在雨带随南海低频对流的北移而北移.     

Study of the Gravity Changes before and after the Jingtai Ms 5.9 Earthquake

By systematically analyzing the data of gravity reiteration in the Hexi region and taking a dynamic viewpoint.we have studied the evolution characters of gravity field during the preparation-occurrence of the Jingtai Ms5.9 earthquake of June 6,2000,The patterns of dynamic change of the gravity field clearly reflected how the gravity field evolved from the quasi-homogeneous state to non-homogeneous state for earthquake preparation and then the earthquake occurred.Besides,we have also studied the relation between the characteristic gravity change and strong earthquake activity.     

Analytical expansion of the earth's zonal potential in terms of ks regular elements

In this paper, the expansion of the Earth's zonal potential is established analytically in terms of KS regular elements whatever the power of the eccentricity e(e < l) and the number of the zonal harmonics may be.     

Monthly Extended Predicting Experiments with Nonlinear Regional Prediction.PartⅡ:Improvement of Wave Component Prediction

Based on Chen et al. (2006), the scheme of the combination of the pentad-mean zonal height departure nonlinear prediction with the T42L9 model prediction was designed, in which the pentad zonal heights at all the 12-initial-value-input isobar levels from 50 hPa to 1000 hPa except 200, 300, 500, and 700 hPa were derived from nonlinear forecasts of the four levels by means of a good correlation between neighboring levels. Then the above pentad zonal heights at 12 isobar-levels were transformed to the spectrum coefficients of the temperature at each integration step of T42L9 model. At last, the nudging was made. On account of a variety of error accumulation, the pentad zonal components of the monthly height at isobar levels output by T42L9 model were replaced by the corresponding nonlinear results once more when integration was over. Multiple case experiments showed that such combination of two kinds of prediction made an improvement in the wave component as a result of wave-flow nonlinear interaction while reducing the systematical forecast errors. Namely the monthly-mean height anomaly correlation coefficients over the high- and mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, over the Southern Hemisphere and over the globe increased respectively from 0.249 to 0.347, from 0.286 to 0.387, and from 0.343 to 0.414 (relative changes of 31.5%, 41.0%, and 18.3%). The monthly-mean root-mean-square error (RMSE) of T42L9 model over the three areas was considerably decreased, the relative change over the globe reached 44.2%. The monthly-mean anomaly correlation coefficients of wave 4-9 over the areas were up to 0.392, 0.200, and 0.295, with the relative change of 53.8%, 94.1%, and 61.2%, and correspondingly their RMSEs were decreased respectively with the rate of 8.5%, 6.3%, and 8.1%. At the same time the monthly-mean pattern of parts of cases were presented better.