Petrography and geochemistry of clastic sedimentary rocks as evidences for provenance of the Lower Cambrian Lalun Formation, Posht-e-badam block, Central Iran

Petrography and geochemistry (major, trace and rare earth elements) of clastic rocks from the Lower Cambrian Lalun Formation, in the Posht-e-badam block, Central Iran, have been investigated to understand their provenance. Petrographical analysis suggests that the Lalun conglomerates are dominantly with chert clasts derived from a proximal source, probably chert bearing Precambrian Formations. Similarly, purple sandstones are classified as litharenite (chertarenite) and white sandstones as quartzarenite types. The detrital modes of purple and white sandstones indicate that they were derived from recycled orogen (uplifted shoulders of rift) and stable cratonic source. Most major and trace element contents of purple sandstones are generally similar to upper continental crust (UCC) values. However, white sandstones are depleted in major and trace elements (except SiO₂, Zr and Co) relative to UCC, which is mainly due to the presence of quartz and absence of other Al-bearing minerals. Shale samples have considerably lower content in most of the major and trace elements concentration than purple sandstones, which is possibly due to intense weathering and recycling. Modal composition (e.g., quartz, feldspar, lithic fragments) and geochemical indices (Th/Sc, La/Sc, Co/Th, Cr/Th, Cr/V and V/Ni ratios) of sandstones, and shales (La/Sc and La/Cr ratios) indicate that they were derived from felsic source rocks and deposited in a passive continental margin. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns of the studied samples are characterized by LREE enrichment, negative Eu anomaly and flat HREE similar to an old upper continental crust composed chiefly of felsic components in the source area. The study of paleoweathering conditions based on modal composition, chemical index of alteration (CIA), plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) and A–CN–K (Al₂O₃ − CaO + Na₂O − K₂O) relationships indicate that probably chemical weathering in the source area and recycling processes have been more important in shale and white sandstones relative to purple sandstones. The results of this study suggest that the main source for the Lalun Formation was likely located in uplifted shoulders of a rifted basin (probably a pull-apart basin) in its post-rift stage (Pan-African basement of the Posht-e-badam block).     

周期浅析

本文分析了滑动平均的数据处理方法对周期分析结果产生的影响。提出了过程变量同号积分的数据处理方法,并对亚洲西风指数序列进行了试验分析。分析结果表明,周期的长短与振幅的大小有密切关系,亚洲逐日西风指数的周期振荡具有明显的季节特征。     

滇中地区因民角砾岩类型、特征及找矿意义

滇中地区“因民角砾岩”的成因及归属问题目前暂无定论。笔者通过对东川-易门地区前人所划的因民组“因民角砾岩”进行1：5万野外地质调查工作,对其进行了初步的分类。根据其成因及时代划分为复成分砾岩、冰碛砾岩、滑塌角砾岩、引爆角砾岩和构造角砾岩。对“因民角砾岩”成因及时代的研究,特别是“冰碛砾岩、复成分砾岩”的提出,对于解决滇中早前寒武纪地层层序、时代归属、构造格架、大地构造位置及大区域地层对比,探讨滇中元古宙地史演化、古环境研究以及指导找矿都具有重要的指示意义。     

Vortical mechanism for generation of astrophysical jets

A vortical mechanism for generation of astrophysical jets is proposed based on exact solutions of the hydrodynamic equations with a generalized Rankine vortex. It is shown that the development of a Rankine vortex in the polar layer of a rotating gravitating body creates longitudinal fluxes of matter that converge toward the vortex trunk, providing an exponential growth in the angular rotation velocity of the trunk and a pressure drop on its axis. The increased rotational velocity of the vortex trunk and the on-axis pressure drop cease when the discontinuity in the azimuthal velocity at the surface of the trunk reaches the sound speed. During this time, ever deeper layers of the gravitating body are brought into the vortical motion, while the longitudinal velocity of the flow along the vortex trunk builds up, producing jet outflows of mass from its surface. The resulting vortices are essentially dissipationless. Dedicated to the 100-th birthday of Academician V. A. Ambartsumyan __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 201–218 (May 2008).     

塔中古溶洞见证晚奥陶世抬升幅度

塔中隆起区上奥陶统良里塔格组灰岩与桑塔木组砂—粉砂岩之间为不整合接触,昭示着这两个组沉积期之间存在一次历时约百万年的区域性构造抬升事件。中古31井良里塔格组三段的4 125.6～4 133.9 m井段为垮塌型溶洞沉积,洞顶距良里塔格组二段顶部190.6 m,溶洞中角砾状充填物主要来自良里塔格组洞壁本身的礁相灰岩,且见数厘米厚的暗河流水沉积纹层,未发现源于其它时代的颗粒混杂其间。这一事实指证了溶洞的形成和充填时代均为良里塔格组沉积之后、桑塔木组覆盖之前的晚奥陶世凯迪中期。具溶蚀力的淡水潜流带的深度一般不低于周围的海平面,由此可推断出该井区这次抬升出海平面之上的高度,即使忽略良里塔格组顶部可能经地表剥蚀的良里塔格组一段,抬升出水面部分至少也应该有190 m,藉生态地层学恢复洞壁礁灰岩沉积时的海水深度约为30 m±,因此总抬升幅度至少能达到220 m。     

前期春季北太平洋海温异常与冬季北半球极涡的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA海温资料,用EOF、相关分析等方法,分析了1960—2010年500 hPa和100 hPa等压面上北半球后冬(2月)极涡面积和前春(4月)北太平洋(20~60 °N,120 °E~120 °W)海表温度(SST)的变化特征,揭示了二者的时空联系。结果表明:近50 a来,(1)冬季北半球500 hPa和100 hPa极涡面积整体经历了先扩张后收缩的变化。春季北太平洋SST经历了先降低后升高的变化。其突变时间与500 hPa极涡面积的突变时间相近,均出现在1987年,且与后冬500 hPa大西洋欧洲大陆区(Ⅳ区)极涡面积相关更好。(2)春季北太平洋SST的EOF第一模态空间型表现为PDO,第二模态表现为三极子型,突变分别出现在1980s初期和中期。(3)北太平洋SST与500 hPa Ⅳ区极涡面积相关的空间分布表现为:当前期春季北太平洋中部海温异常偏高(低),南部和北部海温异常偏低(高),使得下一个冬季500 hPa Ⅳ区极涡面积的扩大(缩小),这种空间遥相关型对应着海温的第二模态。北太平洋海温异常以第一模态空间型居多,但是对后冬北半球极涡面积影响大的却是第二模态。(4)当前春北太平洋SST呈第二模态时,对应次年冬季中高纬度对流层温度"上冷下暖",极地东风和绕极西风环流加强,极涡面积偏大。     

西藏中部的发震构造

西藏中部的发震构造是晚第四纪以来强烈活动的北东、北西和近南北向的活动断层及受其控制的地堑半地堑型盆地和拉分盆地，东西向缝合线和断层晚第四纪以来的运动性不明显，对地震活动没有明显的控制作用，活动断层的规模和晚第四纪以来的运动性质对地震的震级和数量有明显的的控制作用。８级地震的发生与拉分盆地内部张剪切断层与盆地一侧新活动幅度大的次级走滑断层的相互作用密切相关。     

东亚夏季风的年际变化及其对环流和降水的影响

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis geopotential height (GHT) and wind at 850 hPa, GHT at 500 hPa, precipitation rate, sea level pressure (SLP) and precipitation observations from more than 600 stations nationwide in June–August from 1951 to 2006, and focusing on the East Asia-West Pacific region (10°–80°N, 70°–180°E), interannual variation of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and its correlations with general circulation and precipitation patterns are studied by using statistical diagnostic methods such as 9-point high pass filtering, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, composite analysis and other statistical diagnosis, etc. It is concluded as follows: (1) EOF analysis of SLP in the East Asia-West Pacific region shows the existence of the zonal dipole oscillation mode (APD) between the Mongolia depression and the West Pacific high, and APD index can be used as an intensity index of EASM. (2) EOF analysis of GHT anomalies at 500 hPa in the East Asia-West Pacific region shows that the first EOF mode is characterized with an obvious meridional East Asian pattern (EAP), and EAP index can also be used as an EASM intensity index. (3) The composite analysis of high/low APD index years reveals the close correlation of APD index with EAP at 500 hPa (or 850 hPa). The study shows an obvious opposite correlation exists between APD index and EAP index with a correlation coefficient of −0.23, which passes the confidence test at 0.10 level. (4) Both APD and EAP indexes are closely correlated with precipitation during flood-prone season in China and precipitation rate over the East Asia-West Pacific region. The significant correlation area at 5% confidence level is mainly located from the southern area of the Yangtze River valley to the ocean around southern Japan, and the former is a positive correlation and the latter is a negative one. Foundation: Cooperative Project funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, No.2007DFB20210; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.90502003; JICA China-Japan Technical Cooperative Project “China-Japanese Cooperative Research Center on Meteorological Disasters”. Author: Yu Shuqiu, Associate Professor, specialized in climate and climate change.     

冷涡背景下MCS的统计分析

文章首先给出冷涡的定义,根据冷涡的定义识别出冷涡,2005—2011年4—9月7年共识别出60个冷涡,主要形成在蒙古和我国的东北地区。然后根据中尺度对流系统(MCS)的标准按尺度大小将MCS分类为α中尺度对流系统（MαCS）和β中尺度对流系统（MβCS）,又按MCS的形状将MαCS分类为中尺度对流复合体（MCC）和持续拉长状对流系统（PECS）,MβCS分类为β中尺度对流复合体（MβCC）和β中尺度持续拉长状对流系统（MβECS）。利用FY 2C(2005—2009年)和FY 2E（2010—2011年）的TBB资料对60个冷涡背景下的MCS进行识别并对其时空分布特征及其与冷涡的关系进行统计分析。结果表明：(1) 60个冷涡过程识别出61个MCS,MCS通常产生在我国东北和华北,MCC和PECS生成较分散;MβCC主要集中在华北和东北地区;MβECS主要集中在东北地区。(2) 6月生成的MCS最多,有16个,9月最少。MCS大多形成于当地的下午和晚上,此时对流发展旺盛,有利于中尺度对流系统的产生,到了夜间MCS发展成熟,至凌晨—日出时分消散。(3) 冷涡背景下的MCS的移动路径多数是从西向东偏北的,其生成后主要向东移动,这和我国中纬度西风带天气系统的移动路径基本一致,但由于受冷涡等天气系统的影响,会出现不同的移动方向。位于冷涡东侧且距离冷涡中心距离较近的MCS有向东偏北方向移动的趋势;位于冷涡南侧且距离中心较远的MCS有向东偏南方向移动的趋势。(4) 冷涡背景下的MCS主要产生在冷涡的发展阶段,成熟和消散阶段相对较少。(5) 冷涡背景下的MCS主要形成在冷涡的东南部,西南部也有一小部分。(6) MβCS系统发展较MαCS系统快,持续的时间也较MαCS短。