陕北北部一次罕见区域性暴雨天气过程分析

利用MICAPS常规气象资料、ERA-Interim 0.25°×0.25°再分析数据、地面区域气象站逐小时观测数据、FY-2G卫星云图和榆林CR/CB雷达产品,对2017年7月25日20时—26日08时陕西北部持续强降水过程进行综合分析。结果表明：（1）这次降水过程呈东西向带状分布,雨强大、范围小、移动慢、持续时间长,降水主要集中在夜间,大暴雨区具有典型的β中尺度特征;（2）西风槽的快速东移南压以及副高的稳定维持有利于槽前正涡度平流的加强及低层低值系统的发展,850 hPa新生的河套低涡和东南低空急流成为这次强降水过程的直接影响系统;（3）河套低涡是一个浅薄的热低压系统,它的发生发展可分为三个阶段,初始阶段低涡形成于弱的锋区中并具有不对称的暖心结构,成熟阶段和旺盛阶段低涡转变为对称的暖心结构,强降水产生在低涡发展成熟阶段,在低涡旺盛阶段降水达到最强;（4）河套低涡直接影响并控制着地面β中尺度低压的发生发展,β中尺度低压稳定在榆林西部,中尺度低压的西部和东部分别形成冷性辐合和暖性辐合,不断触发γ对流单体生成,不同中尺度对流云团的合并导致了降水的强烈发展。

     

太平洋中部表层沉积物镁铝含量比的变化

本文根据中、日调查资料,研究了太平洋中部表层沉积物镁铝含量比的变化,并探讨其影响因素。     

New palaeomagnetic data from Central Iran and a Triassic palaeoreconstruction

New pole positions for Triassic and Cretaceous times have been obtained from volcanic and sedimentary sequences in Central Iran. These new results confirm the general trend of the Apparent Polar Wander Path (APWP) of the Central-East-Iran microplate (CEIM) from the Triassic through the Tertiary as published by Soffel and Förster (1983, 1984). Two new palaeopoles for the Triassic of the CEIM have been obtained; limestones and tuffs from the Nakhlak region yield a mean direction of 094.0°/25.0°, N=12, k=4.1,α ₉₅=24.7°, after bedding correction, corresponding to a palaeopole position of 310.8°E; 3.9°S, and volcanic rocks from the Sirjan regions yield a mean direction of 114.5°/35.1°, N=44, k=45.9,α ₉₅=3.2° after bedding correction and a palaeopole position of 295.8°E; 10.3°N. Combining these with the two previously published results yields a new palaeopole position of 317.5°E; 12.7°N, for the Triassic of the CEIM, thus confirming that large counterclockwise rotations of the CEIM have occurred since the Triassic time. New results have also been obtained from Cretaceous limestones from the Saghand region of the CEIM. The mean direction of 340.7°/26.3°, N=33, k=44.3,α ₉₅=3.8°, and the corresponding palaeopole position of 283.1°E; 64.4°N, is in agreement with previously determined Cretaceous palaeopole positions of the CEIM. Furthermore, results have also been obtained from Triassic dolomite, limestone, sandstone and siltstone from the Natanz region, which is located to the west of the CEIM. A total of 161 specimens from 44 cores taken at five sites gave a mean direction of the five sites at 033.3°/25.1°, N=5, k=69.0,α ₉₅=9.3° and a palaeopole position of 167.2°E; 53.7°N. They pass the positive fold test of McElhinny (1964) on the level of 99% confidence. This pole position is in fairly good agreement with the mean Triassic pole position of the Turan Plate (149°E; 49°N). It indicates that the area of Natanz has not undergone the large counterclockwise rotation relative to the Turan plate since the Triassic, which has been shown for the CEIM. A Triassic palaeogeographic reconstruction of Iran, Arabia (Gondwana) and the Turan Plate (Eurasia) is also presented.     

中原经济区县际经济联系网络结构及其演化特征

以中原经济区县级行政单元为网络节点,利用重力模型分别测算1996 年、2010 年226 个节点间的经济联系强度。首先设定同一阈值筛选有效连接,分析网络连通能力变化;再设定不同阈值,分析网络结构及其演化特征。研究发现：① 中原经济区经济网络连通能力有大幅度提高,经济发展和交通改善是网络稠密化和便捷化的主要原因。② 节点连通能力差异很大,少数节点掌握着绝对的网络权力,郑州市等5 个核心节点的地位尤其突出,其连线呈横向“T”字形状,建设“十”字形发展轴需要提升东部节点的连通能力。③ 网络呈明显的核心-外围结构并有极化趋势,核心区影响力和辐射力进一步增强,中原经济区只有提高边缘“洼地”节点连通能力才能加强与毗邻区的融合发展。④ 网络节点集聚现象明显,围绕次级核心节点形成了多个轴-辐结构子网络,“十”字形发展轴和“米”字形发展带的构建与发展,将有利于形成多重轴-辐结构嵌套的经济联系网络。⑤ 郑州市等高度值节点因较强的连通能力成为网络中的中介节点,一些度值不高的节点因处于“结构洞”位置上也具有较强的中介作用,在提高中介节点连通能力的同时,需要改善低度值中介节点所在小区域的经济和交通状况。     

中亚黄土沉积与西风区末次冰期快速气候变化

气候快速变化过程与机制一直是古气候研究的热点科学问题,随着不同地区高分辨率地质记录的增多,年代学方法的改进,此类快速气候变化事件的区域差异性日益突出,对比和认识这些区域之间的变化细节,有助于认识快速气候变化的规律和驱动机制。文章以中亚黄土为主要研究对象,根据黄土沉积特征与现代气候特征,将中亚黄土分为西部、北部和东部3个亚区,在总结中亚西风区黄土古气候研究进展的基础上,回顾了近年来中亚地区末次冰期西风区气候突变事件研究现状与问题,初步探讨了在亚轨道尺度上末次冰期快速气候变化发生过程和机制。结果表明,粒度、矿物学、地球化学等指标均指示中亚这3个黄土亚区末次冰期确实存在千年尺度的快速气候波动信号,但在年代和变率上存在区域差异,这种差异除了缺乏精确的年代学控制外,还与区域水热组合和区域地形结构有关。这些冷暖的快速气候变化与北大西洋高纬地区冰盖收缩扩张、西伯利亚高压强度和范围的变化导致风动力变化和西风带南北迁移有关。今后需进一步加强高分辨率年代序列的建立,进一步遴选中亚黄土中有效的、能够独立反映风力强度、源区信息、古温度、古降水等代用指标,并结合古气候模拟试验研究其驱动机制。

     

Building a bioregion through transboundary conservation in Central America

Barquet, K. 2015. Building a bioregion through transboundary conservation in Central America. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography. Vol. 69, 265–276. ISSN 0029-1951.

Proponents of transboundary conservation argue for the formation of a bioregional scale of governance. How such rescaling should be done remains an undiscussed issue. Through a study of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor in Central America and Si-A-Paz, a transboundary protected area in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, the author investigates how a transboundary scale of conservation is enacted. The study shows that in order to meet the conditions of a bioregion, actors involved in transboundary conservation in Central America produced accounts of social and ecological integrity that did not entirely match local narratives. Moreover, transboundary conservation provided actors with increased mobility across governance scales and sources of funding. In turn, this scalar mobility enhanced the power of already powerful actors in the area, helped states to attract international sources of funding, and empowered previously marginalized local groups at the expense of others. The author concludes that actors involved in transboundary conservation attempt to create new meanings of nature and understandings of society in order to produce a new scale of conservation. However, the study highlights the problems of matching discourses of nature to accounts of social unity, and underlines the political nature of scalar projects.     

Influence of condensation and latent heat release upon barotropic and baroclinic instabilities of vortices in a rotating shallow water f-plane model

Analysis of the influence of condensation and related latent heat release upon developing barotropic and baroclinic instabilities of large-scale low Rossby-number shielded vortices on the f-plane is performed within the moist-convective rotating shallow water model, in its barotropic (one-layer) and baroclinic (two-layer) versions. Numerical simulations with a high-resolution well-balanced finite-volume code, using a relaxation parameterisation for condensation, are made. Evolution of the instability in four different environments, with humidity (i) behaving as passive scalar, (ii) subject to condensation beyond a saturation threshold, (iii) subject to condensation and evaporation, with three different parameterisations of the latter, are inter-compared. The simulations are initialised with unstable modes determined from the detailed linear stability analysis in the “dry” version of the model. In a configuration corresponding to low-level mid-latitude atmospheric vortices, it is shown that the known scenario of evolution of barotropically unstable vortices, consisting in formation of a pair of dipoles (dipolar breakdown) is substantially modified by condensation and related moist convection, especially in the presence of surface evaporation. No enhancement of the instability due to precipitation was detected in this case. Cyclone-anticyclone asymmetry with respect to sensitivity to the moist effects is evidenced. It is shown that inertia-gravity wave emission during the vortex evolution is enhanced by the moist effects. In the baroclinic configuration corresponding to idealised cut-off lows in the atmosphere, it is shown that the azimuthal structure of the leading unstable mode is sensitive to the details of stratification. Scenarios of evolution are completely different for different azimuthal structures, one leading to dipolar breaking, and another to tripole formation. The effects of moisture considerably enhance the perturbations in the lower layer, especially in the tripole formation scenario.     

北太平洋大洋钻探研究进展

北太平洋作为全球大洋环流的重要组成部分,在高低纬间热量和物质的传输与再分配方面起到重要的调控作用,进而影响到地球气候系统。基于过去50多年来的大洋钻探工作,前人在北太平洋地球科学的研究上取得了一系列的成果。本文回顾了北太平洋古海洋和古气候方面的研究进展,包括：（1）东亚夏季风和西部边界流演化,以及其对高低纬热量、水汽的传输;（2） 北太平洋中层水和深层水的性质变化、分布范围和驱动机制,以及冰期旋回中水体垂直交换作用的气候响应;（3） 风尘输入对亚洲内陆古环境的反映,及其对北太平洋生产力的铁肥效应。尽管前人针对上述科学问题都开展了相应的研究工作,但目前在对北太平洋上述几方面的认识上仍然存在着分歧。基于对前人研究的总结概括,本文最后提出了未来北太平洋研究的关键科学问题,强调了多圈层、多系统角度对深入认识过去地球气候系统变化的重要性,并对未来大洋航次开展的理想靶区进行了展望。     

Tectonic inversion events in the western San Jorge Gulf Basin from seismic,borehole and field data

The San Jorge Gulf Basin, located in Central Patagonia, has been interpreted as a Jurassic-Cretaceous rift basin that was later inverted mainly in its western sector. Consequently, the Bernardides System formed as a set of foreland contractional structures that constitute the core of the Patagonian broken foreland, exhuming continental deposits of the Cretaceous Chubut Group, 500 km away from the Pacific trench. In spite of the intense research done in the San Jorge Gulf Basin many aspects remain under discussion, particularly those regarding the age of uplift of the Bernárdides System. In order to unravel the tectonic evolution of the western San Jorge Gulf Basin (Río Mayo Sub-Basin), we analyzed subsurface information (2D and 3D seismic lines and oil wells) located in the western area of the basin and compared this with surface data of the southern Bernárdides System. Based on our interpretation, the western part of the basin could have been uplifted in a series of deformational events that began as early as late Early Cretaceous, related to the initial uplift of the Patagonian broken foreland, during the early stages of South Atlantic opening. Subsequent stages of tectonic reactivation identified in this system have selectively inverted previous extensional structures according to the variable direction of the greatest horizontal stress (σ1) acting at each time.     

亚洲夏季风爆发的基本气候特征分析

利用统一的亚洲热带夏季风爆发指标,重新制作了季风爆发日期的推进图,确证了亚洲热带夏季风最早在热带东印度洋与中印半岛中南部爆发的观点,这发生在26候(5月10日前后),28候(5月20日前后)在南海地区相继爆发,这两个地区的爆发是属同一季风系的不同爆发阶段.以后通过对海陆热力对比、季节内振荡等多方面的分析,对夏季风的爆发机制问题进行了深入的研究,提出了气候学意义下影响亚洲热带夏季风爆发的关键影响因子.在此基础上,给出了夏季风最早在热带东印度洋-中印半岛-南海地区爆发机理的一种概念模式图,即大气环流的季节进程是季风爆发的背景条件;而中印半岛及其邻近地区对流活动和感热与潜热加热的迅速增强与北推、印缅槽的强烈加深,以及高原东部地区的西风暖平流作用是夏季风爆发的主要驱动力,其结果是使经向温度梯度首先在这个地区反向并建立强的上升运动区,使热带季风和降水迅速发展和加强;来自不同源地的低频30-60 d和10-20 d季节内振荡的锁相则是夏季风爆发的一种触发因子,正是这些因子的共同作用导致了亚洲热带夏季风在这个地区的最早爆发.