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521.
Andrew Skelton 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(6):1795-1806
Global greenhouse gas emissions driven by European consumption increasingly occur outside European borders. These non-European sources of emissions remain linked to Europe via the international supply chains of European companies. Leading companies are now measuring their supply chain emissions and taking tentative steps to reduce them. If such activities were to become widespread, then an opportunity may exist for European industry to drive significant emissions abatement beyond European borders. This paper provides the first analysis into the maximum potential influence European industry has over its non-European supply chain emissions. The analysis is performed at the level of aggregate industry sectors using a global Multi-Regional Input–Output model. The Total Consumption Attribution method is used to estimate the potential influence of different European industries with detailed decompositions carried out using Structural Path Analysis techniques. The potential influence of European industry over non-European supply chain emissions is found to be greater than one gigatonne of carbon dioxide. The European manufacturing sector is found to have the greatest potential influence over non-European emissions via relatively short supply chains that entail few international border crossings. The results presented in this paper provide initial evidence in support of the development of European climate policies aimed at stimulating supply chain emissions reductions activities within European companies 相似文献
522.
本研究系统采集了四川盆地东北部大普光、元坝地区上三叠统须家河组、下三叠统飞仙关组、上二叠统长兴组和鄂西渝东地区中石炭统黄龙组储层固体沥青样品,进行了岩石热解、有机元素、碳同位素和饱和烃、芳烃组分GC/MS的分析,以确定其成因、性质和来源。这些沥青总体上具有低溶性(多数氯仿抽提物/TOC<8%)、高反射率(换算的Ro>1.4%)、低H/C原子比(<0.6)的性质,属焦沥青类,是古油藏原油或运移烃经热裂解成气的残留物。其中,飞仙关组、长兴组碳酸岩储层沥青的S/C原子比值普遍较高(主要在0.025~0.085范围),且硫同位素δ34S值(主要在12‰~24‰)接近硬石膏,说明可能包含有部分TSR成因的沥青。这些高热演化沥青中饱和烃生物标志物的组成和分布出现了异常变化,基本失去了其常规应用意义。芳烃中2,6-/2,10-DMP(二甲基菲)、1,7-/1,9-DMP和4-/1-MDBT(甲基二苯并噻吩)比值,可用来指示沥青烃源岩的有机质生源构成和沉积环境性质。须家河组陆相沥青中这些芳烃比值较高,表征其烃源母质中陆源有机质占优势,且形成于氧化性的环境;而飞仙关组、长兴组及黄龙组海相沥青中这些参数值低得多,意味着其烃源岩有机质生源应以水生生物为主,并沉积于还原性环境。经沥青/烃源岩的碳同位素和二苯并噻吩系列组成对比,认为须家河组储层沥青来源于本层位烃源岩,飞仙关组和长兴组沥青同源于二叠系烃源层。鄂西渝东地区的黄龙组沥青碳同位素偏重(δ13C值为-23.2‰~-26.4‰),原始烃源可能主要来自中、下志留统韩家店组及小河坝组地层。 相似文献
523.
对取自赣南地区10个温泉的地热气体进行了气体化学成分及氦、碳、氖同位素组成的分析。该区地热气体可分为CO2型和N2型两种类型。CO2型地热气体分布在赣南东南部地区,主要成分是CO2,占总体积96.47%以上,二氧化碳气体的δ13C值为 -5.50‰~-3.49‰(PDB),平均为 -4.66‰,为幔源无机成因,其氦同位素组成为1.36~2.27 Ra,具有明显的幔源成因特征,最高约有28.2%的氦源于地幔,其N2-Ar-He关系研究表明,该型地热气体中的氮源于地幔-地壳-大气混合成因。研究揭示该区CO2型地热气体属幔源无机成因气,是地幔脱气作用的产物。N2型地热气体分布在赣南西部地区,N2含量占91.04%以上,其中二氧化碳气体的δ13C值为 -23.7‰~-12.6‰,平均为 -17.82‰,为壳源有机成因,其氦同位素组成为0.06~0.13 Ra,具有明显的壳源放射性成因特征,3He/4He 与 4He/20Ne关系和He-Ar-N2关系研究表明,N2型温泉气主要来源于大气,并有壳源气体的贡献。 相似文献
524.
腾冲新生代火山作用流体组成及其来源——火山岩流体化学组成和碳同位素制约 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
腾冲新生代火山区是青藏高原唯一幔源挥发份大量排放的火山-地热区,大规模火山作用的流体组成的系统研究具有多方面的科学意义。对腾冲马鞍山、老龟坡和打鹰山等地新生代火山岩进行流体化学组成和碳同位素分析,结果表明腾冲新生代火山岩的流体组成中H2O占有极高的比例,CO2、N2和O2的含量较高,而且不同火山区的流体组成有所差异。CO2的δ13C值为-27.1‰~-7.5‰,位于地壳和地幔范围之间;CH4、C2H6、C3H8和C4H10等甲烷同系物的碳同位素组成随碳数增高具有整体正序、C2H6与C3H8局部反序的分布特征,显示海洋环境I型有机质热裂解成因烃类气体的特征。腾冲火山作用中存在地幔来源的CO2,岩浆存在轻微的CO2去气作用。含碳流体挥发份主要表现为俯冲大洋板片脱出流体挥发份的加入,特别是俯冲洋壳沉积有机质热裂解产物,大量的H2O可能来源于岩浆上升过程中围岩流体或再循环流体的加入,不同火山区岩浆上升演化的差异造成了流体组成的不同。 相似文献
525.
将样品用王水分解定容静置后,采用阴离子树脂—活性炭混合吸附体系进行静态吸附,将吸附体高温灰化后再以王水分解定容,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪测定溶液中的铂、钯.该方法检出限为铂0.084ng/g,钯0.025 ng/g,回收率铂为95%~ 103%,钯为95%~ 98%. 相似文献
526.
《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2014,346(1-2):28-36
There is a lack of studies devoted to coarse particulate matter (CPM) in estuaries, although this fraction can disturb activities that filter large volumes of water, such as industrial or fishery activities. In the macrotidal and highly-turbid Gironde Estuary, a monthly sampling of CPM was performed in 2011 and 2013 at two stations in the Turbidity Maximum Zone (TMZ) to understand its seasonal, tidal and hydrological dynamics. Regardless of the season and station, low quantities of CPM (few g m−3) were observed in comparison with suspended particulate matter (several 103 g m−3). The highest concentrations were consistently recorded in bottom waters and at the upstream station. Whereas there is no clear link between the CPM present in the column water and spring or neap tides, an increase in the CPM size has been identified at the two stations after a flood event, fact potentially critical regarding filtering functioning of estuarine activities. 相似文献
527.
528.
The study presents the effect of soil erosion on vegetation, soil accumulation (SA), SA rate (SAR), soil quality, soil mass, and the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool in Brown Andosols and Histosols in a 24-km2 area in southwest Iceland. Undisturbed prehistoric soils were distinguished from disturbed historic soils using tephrochronology. Soil erosion has been severe during historic time (last 1135 yr), resulting in the increase of the soil mass deposited in soils covered by vegetation by a factor of 7.3-9.2 and net loss of soil in unvegetated areas. The SAR correlated positively with SOC sequestration. SOC is easily transported and, given the extensive accumulation of soil, the net effect of burial and subsequent reduction in decomposition is to increase SOC storage. Nevertheless, the increased accumulation and soil depletion has decreased soil quality, including the SOC, and reduced soil resistance to erosion with the depleted SOC contributing to enrichment of atmospheric CO2. The initial terrestrial disturbance was triggered by anthropogenic land use during the Medieval Warm Period, followed by volcanic activity approximately three centuries later. The combination of harsh climate during the Little Ice Age and drastic anthropogenic perturbations has led to land degradation at a catastrophic scale. 相似文献
529.
The reliability of δ13C trends in Neoproterozoic carbonate-dominated successions for regional and global chemostratigraphic correlation is discussed. In the light of recent findings of a predominantly non-marine rare earth element and yttrium signature in most Neoproterozoic carbonates and a comparatively short oceanic residence time of carbon, trends towards enrichment in 13C seen in many of these carbonates are considered to reflect facies variations rather than temporal signals of ocean chemistry. Positive δ13CCarb excursions are explained by elevated bioproductivity and/or increased evaporation in shallow marine, near-coastal, temporarily restricted depositional environments. Examples are provided that illustrate that C isotope trends can be highly ambiguous temporal markers and are in the absence of other chemostratigraphic data, such as Sr isotope ratios, and radiometric age control of only limited use for stratigraphic correlation. The overall enrichment in 13C recorded by most Neoproterozoic carbonates, except for those in close stratigraphic proximity to glacial deposits, is suggested to reflect a dominance of microbially mediated carbonate formation in the Neoproterozoic. This might explain why C isotope chemostratigraphy in Neoproterozoic successions is less reliable than in Phanerozoic successions in which carbonates are, with only few exceptions, biogenic products of shelly fossils. 相似文献
530.
K. A. McGee A. J. Sutton T. Elias M. P. Doukas T. M. Gerlach 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(4):837-851
We report the results of two soil CO2 efflux surveys by the closed chamber circulation method at the Puhimau thermal area in the upper East Rift Zone (ERZ) of
volcano, Hawaii. The surveys were undertaken in 1996 and 1998 to constrain how much CO2 might be reaching the ERZ after degassing beneath the summit caldera and whether the Puhimau thermal area might be a significant
contributor to the overall CO2 budget of . The area was revisited in 2001 to determine the effects of surface disturbance on efflux values by the collar emplacement
technique utilized in the earlier surveys. Utilizing a cutoff value of 50 g m−2 d−1 for the surrounding forest background efflux, the CO2 emission rates for the anomaly at Puhimau thermal area were 27 t d−1 in 1996 and 17 t d−1 in 1998. Water vapor was removed before analysis in all cases in order to obtain CO2 values on a dry air basis and mitigate the effect of water vapor dilution on the measurements. It is clear that Puhimau thermal
area is not a significant contributor to CO2 output and that most of CO2 (8500 t d−1) is degassed at the summit, leaving only magma with its remaining stored volatiles, such as SO2, for injection down the ERZ. Because of the low CO2 emission rate and the presence of a shallow water table in the upper ERZ that effectively scrubs SO2 and other acid gases, Puhimau thermal area currently does not appear to be generally well suited for observing temporal changes
in degassing at . 相似文献