稳定氧碳同位素在碳酸盐岩成岩环境研究中的应用

笔者对湖北宜昌寒武系、奥陶系和鄂尔多斯布１井寒武系、任３井奥陶系的大量样品测试和研究结果表明大气淡水成岩环境中的δ１８Ｏ、δ１３Ｃ值均向较高负值漂移；正常和咸化海水成岩环境中δ１８Ｏ、δ１３Ｃ值均向高正值漂移；较深埋藏成岩δ１８Ｏ值向高负值漂移.且与埋深成反比，而δ１３Ｃ值相对较稳定或向低正值漂移。     

陕西韩城-旬邑地区中奥陶统马家沟组豹斑白云岩研究

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组白云岩是重要的油气储集层.从野外露头观察,白云岩斑块多呈管状、不规则状,是生物扰动后留下的虫孔遗迹.从镜下观察,斑块主要沿虫孔分布,成分为半自形-自形细粉晶白云石或具雾心亮边,基质为泥晶白云石.对研究区全岩C,O同位素和白云石有序度进行分析,得出白云石δ13C平均值为-0.26‰,δ18O平均-5.06‰;白云石CaCO3摩尔百分含量平均为50.4%,有序度为0.81~1.结合白云岩形成于半局限云质洼地沉积环境,认为豹斑白云岩发生了两期白云石化.一期是通过渗透回流生成泥晶白云岩;二期是在浅埋藏环境下,随着白云石化流体继续供给,虫孔中的泥晶白云石更易继续生长或发生重结晶,形成由细粉晶白云岩构成的斑块.因此,掘穴生物活动形成的潜穴,是造成不均匀白云岩化,形成豹斑的重要原因.     

二氧化碳地质储存逃逸通道及环境监测研究

CO2地质储存逃逸通道可分为人为逃逸通道、地质构造逃逸通道以及跨越盖层和水力圈闭逃逸通道三类.在CO2地质储存场地选址和场地勘查阶段,应高度重视区域地壳稳定性、地震危险性和CO2逃逸通道专门性地质调查评价工作,避免因CO2逃逸造成对人群健康和生态系统产生影响,导致地下水污染和诱发地质灾害发生.同时要对可能的CO2逃逸通道进行灌注前CO2背景值监测,灌注工程运营期CO2控制监测和封场后长期监测,确保CO2地质储存的有效性、安全性和持久性.     

人类经济活动影响碳排放的国际研究动态

人类经济活动对碳排放的影响是国际全球变化研究的热点之一。根据国际上 2 0世纪 90年代以来大量研究计划与成果的分析 ,总结了当前国际上有关人类经济活动与碳排放研究的主要内容和研究方法。研究的主要内容集中在 :( 1 )能源消费与碳排放 ,包括与碳减排有关的能源消费结构的转换和低碳排放能源系统的建立 ;( 2 )经济发展与碳排放 ,主要探讨不同经济发展模式与碳排放的关系 ;( 3)农业生产与碳排放 ,包括土地利用变化、农业土地整治、农业生产水平与结构的变化等 ;( 4 )碳减排的经济风险分析与减排对策研究。在研究方法上 ,除了简单的相关分析、区域对比分析之外 ,基于大量数据的综合模型分析越来越受到重视。在基本反映国际上人类经济活动与碳排放研究的最新态势的同时 ,提出了我国碳循环研究中值得重视的几个问题。     

Diagenetic and sedimentary controls on porosity in Lower Carboniferous fine-grained lithologies,Krechba field,Algeria: A petrological study of a caprock to a carbon capture site

Fine-grained siliciclastic lithologies commonly act as sealing caprocks to both petroleum fields and host reservoirs for carbon capture (CO₂ sequestration) projects. Fine-grained lithologies are thus of great importance in controlling fluid flow and storage in the subsurface. However, fine-grained rocks are rarely characterised in terms of primary sedimentary characteristics, diagenesis and how these relate to their flow properties (i.e. sealing or caprock quality). Seventeen samples from Lower Carboniferous estuarine caprock to a gas field (also to be used as a carbon capture site), have been analysed using a range of petrological and petrophysical techniques. The rock unit that represents the caprock to this gas field was found to be predominantly silt grade with porosity values as low as 1.8%. In these rocks, caprock quality (porosity) is controlled by intrinsic and extrinsic factors linked to primary mineralogy and diagenetic processes. Depositional mineralogy was dominated by quartz, detrital mica, detrital clay (likely Fe-rich 7Å clay and illite–smectite) with minor feldspar and oxide phases. Diagenetic processes included compaction, minor feldspar dissolution and kaolinite growth and the more important processes of chlorite, siderite and quartz cementation, as well as the likely transformation of smectite into illite. Caprock quality is controlled by the primary quantity of illite-muscovite in the sediment and also by the localised extent of chlorite and quartz cementation. Deposition in an estuarine environment led to highly heterogeneous distribution of primary and diagenetic minerals, and thus caprock quality, between and within the samples.     

Carbon isotope records of the early Albian oceanic anoxic event (OAE) 1b from eastern Tethys (southern Tibet,China)

The early Albian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE), i.e., OAE1b, is well documented in western Tethys and in the primary North Atlantic Ocean, but has not yet been reported from eastern Tethys. In this paper, we present bulk carbon isotope data of hemipelagites to examine if it was recorded in eastern Tethys. Samples were taken from the upper Chuangdepu Member (nannofossil zone CC8) of the lower Gyabula (former Shadui) Formation at the Bangbu section, Qonggyai, southern Tibet of China. The δ¹³C values mainly range from −0.6‰ to 1.8‰ with a maximum of 1.87‰ and a minimum of −0.69‰. Three stages of carbon isotope evolution were distinguished with three boundaries. By the constraint of the stratigraphic sequence and nannofossil biostratigraphic zone CC8, the rapid δ¹³C change and correlation with western Tethys and Atlantic Ocean together suggest that these three boundaries of the carbon isotope evolution probably correspond to three subevents of the early Albian OAE1b, and the subevent levels of upper Kilian, Paquier, and Leenhardt are recorded in eastern Tethys (southern Tibet). The fact that the amount of δ¹³C shift is less by ∼1.5–2.0‰ in eastern Tethys than in western Tethys and Atlantic Ocean is interpreted as a result of possible cool sea surface (∼14–16 °C) of the southeastern Tethys (northern Indian passive margin of Greater India), which was probably located in a medium–high latitude during the Albian, leading to low primary productivity. The recognition of OAE-1b from Tethys Himalaya can improve our understanding of the Tethys and global paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes during the mid-Cretaceous.     

Change trends in urban freight delivery: A qualitative inquiry

In this paper we present the findings of a qualitative investigation of change trends in urban freight deliveries. The empirical material was gathered with urban freight (courier) company managers and drivers in Aotearoa New Zealand. It presents personal accounts of the everyday lived experiences of those intimately involved in the delivery of goods within the urban environment. Twenty-five interviews were conducted across four urban centres between June and September 2015. We use the four elements of the Energy Cultures Framework to explore what urban freight managers and drivers ‘have’, ‘do’ and ‘think’, and the pressures of an external context. Four interrelated themes are presented. 1. Online shopping and home deliveries, 2. Tracking and transparency, 3. New technologies, and 4. Meeting (changing) expectations, with evidence provided by way of verbatim quotations. The ‘mobility cultures’ concept is used to explore the relationships between the four themes, and to identify the key change trends that may affect the ability of the freight industry to contribute to a low-carbon transport transition. We conclude by signalling some policy implications and future research directions.     

^14C年龄测定中有关问题的探讨

新疆地震局＾１４Ｃ实验室为提供准确可靠＾１４Ｃ年代 数据,在选择,制备、测量本底苯,制备、测量糖碳苯,分析产品的淬灭对＾１４Ｃ年代的影响等方面进行了有效的试验与探讨。     

How the future of the global forest sink depends on timber demand,forest management,and carbon policies

Deforestation has contributed significantly to net greenhouse gas emissions, but slowing deforestation, regrowing forests and other ecosystem processes have made forests a net sink. Deforestation will still influence future carbon fluxes, but the role of forest growth through aging, management, and other silvicultural inputs on future carbon fluxes are critically important but not always recognized by bookkeeping and integrated assessment models. When projecting the future, it is vital to capture how management processes affect carbon storage in ecosystems and wood products. This study uses multiple global forest sector models to project forest carbon impacts across 81 shared socioeconomic (SSP) and climate mitigation pathway scenarios. We illustrate the importance of modeling management decisions in existing forests in response to changing demands for land resources, wood products and carbon. Although the models vary in key attributes, there is general agreement across a majority of scenarios that the global forest sector could remain a carbon sink in the future, sequestering 1.2–5.8 GtCO2e/yr over the next century. Carbon fluxes in the baseline scenarios that exclude climate mitigation policy ranged from −0.8 to 4.9 GtCO2e/yr, highlighting the strong influence of SSPs on forest sector model estimates. Improved forest management can jointly increase carbon stocks and harvests without expanding forest area, suggesting that carbon fluxes from managed forests systems deserve more careful consideration by the climate policy community.     

Assessing the authenticity of national carbon prices: A comparison of 31 countries

Many countries have carbon pricing in place, in the form of a tax and/or market. Generally, this involves low price rates, incomplete emissions coverage, and price reductions for particular sectors. This raises the question whether the label “carbon price” – in the environmental-economics textbook sense – really applies. To answer it, we assess the authenticity of 31 national carbon prices, calculating average carbon prices and their gap with advertised prices, at both national and sector levels. The results indicate a poor level of authenticity. This means that the carbon prices published by sources such as the World Bank provide a misleading representation of the actual national policy pressure on emissions. Countries show considerable differences regarding the average carbon price level and the gap with advertised prices. Moreover, there is not a one-to-one relationship between advertised and average carbon prices, suggesting the former are not a good basis for international comparison of policy effectiveness. Across countries, the mean carbon price equals €7.90/ton of CO₂ while the mean price gap is 57.7%. Most noticeably, the highest advertised price for Sweden should be interpreted with care as it goes along with a price gap of almost €100 to the average price. In addition, Switzerland and Finland show relatively high price gaps. To illustrate the relevance and non-triviality of our indicators, note that Sweden occupies a 3rd position in terms of average carbon price (after Norway and Switzerland), 27th in terms of price gap, and 16th in terms of effective rate (i.e. sum of implicit and explicit carbon prices). We further find that implicit carbon prices dominate explicit ones for most countries, notably in road transport, whereas the reverse holds for industrial and electricity sectors. Combining our findings with recent empirical evidence for carbon-pricing effectiveness highlights the potential of the instrument to combat climate change, provided implementation is improved and internationally harmonized. Shifting the attention from advertised to average carbon prices might help in this regard.