藏南碳酸岩脉成因及其气候效应

始新世末期以来,全球大气CO₂浓度持续下降,但长期以来不清楚为何这一时期全球大气CO₂浓度下降,巨量的大气CO₂赋存于何处。深入研究该问题有助于准确理解未来大气CO₂浓度变化的趋势,特别是有助于进一步评估人类自身碳排放的后果。这一时期,小印度陆块持续与大亚洲陆块汇聚,导致了以喜马拉雅为代表的山脉群和青藏高原的形成。很早就有学者从地球表层碳循环的角度提出了"青藏高原的隆升导致了全球变冷"的观点,但这一观点既没有解释清楚"巨量大气CO₂到何处去"的问题,也没有讨论青藏高原本身向大气圈排放CO₂等问题,因此该观点最近受到了强烈的质疑。这些激烈的争论充分反映了传统的地球表层碳循环研究已不能充分满足当前社会的需求。本文从深部碳循环这个视角重新探讨青藏高原在全球碳循环中的作用。在印度与亚洲陆块持续汇聚期间,以喜马拉雅为代表的巨型山脉快速崛起,然后持续遭受化学风化作用,大量消耗大气CO₂。化学风化的产物堆积在喜马拉雅山前的前陆盆地内,形成了巨量含新生碳酸盐矿物和有机碳的西瓦里克沉积杂岩,随后新生的西瓦里克杂岩又随持续平板俯冲的印度陆壳被带入青藏高原内部,与平板俯冲的印度陆壳共同经历高温变质作用。俯冲板片内的(黑)云母等含水矿物发生脱水,形成花岗岩浆。花岗岩浆再与俯冲的西瓦里克杂岩内的碳酸盐岩发生交代反应,释放出含钙、镁离子、以CO₂和水为主的高温流体,本文称其为壳源火成碳酸岩浆。碳酸岩浆沿张性裂隙上侵、冷凝之后形成藏南的碳酸岩脉。虽然青藏高原内部的火山、温泉等均向大气圈排放CO₂,但所排放的碳均为再循环来自大气圈的碳,并且排放量略小于吸收量,否则消耗大气CO₂所新生的碳酸岩脉就不会在青藏高原内部保存下来。藏南大量晚新生代碳酸岩脉的发现充分说明了喜马拉雅山脉和藏南高原是一个巨大的碳储库,在其形成过程中将巨量大气CO₂转化为流体(岩浆)的形式封存于青藏高原内部,从而大幅降低了大气CO₂浓度,最终导致了全球变冷。上述过程充分说明,大气CO₂浓度的变化实质上是受控于地球内部的构造运动。进一步可推论出,"全球变化"只是一个自然现象,虽然它有独特的运行轨迹,但与人类的碳排放量无因果关系。     

Tectonics of the Western Carpathians in the light of recent studies

During an annual cycle the affect of microclimatic changes (of natural and anthropogenic origin) on the geochemical characteristics of seepage water and mineral precipitation rates was analyzed for two karstic caves which contrast in environmental stability and energy exchange with exterior. On the one hand, Castañar cave (Caceres, Spain) is an extremely controlled show cave with limited visitation showing a minimum exchange rate of energy with the external atmosphere and, secondly, Canelobre cave (Alicante, Spain), is a widely visited cave where the anthropogenic impact generates rapid and high-energy environmental changes. Mineral saturation state of seepage water of both caves is controlled by microclimatic variations, such as: 1) natural underground air renewal through the porous system of the upper soil and the network of host-rock fissures, or elso through the cave entrance, 2) cumulative disruptions in the pCO2 levels of cave air due to the presence of visitors, and 3) forced ventilation of the subterranean atmosphere due to the uncontrolled opening of cave entrances. The obtained results reinforce the significance of the microclimatic fluctuations on short time scales in the dynamics of the subterranean karst systems, in terms of rates of mineral precipitation and growth of speleothems, as well as their key role for cave conservation.     

黔南坳陷油苗来源:碳、硫同位素及生物标志物证据

为明确黔南坳陷不同层位油苗来源,在广泛采集不同层位烃源岩、油苗样品的基础上,采用GC、GC-MS及GC-IRMS等方法对其碳、硫同位素及生物标志物特征进行系统分析,进而开展了油源对比.结果表明:油苗的δ13C值为-33.04‰～-31.63‰,平均-32.26‰(n=18);δ34S值为+16.06‰～+23.06‰,平均+18.99‰(n=4);油苗遭受不同程度生物降解,常规甾、萜烷面貌特征差异较大,但普遍含有较丰富的三环萜烷、伽玛蜡烷、三芳甾烷、芳基类异戊二烯烃、惹烯和硫芴;C25三环萜烷/C24四环萜烷值、二苯并噻吩/菲与Pr/Ph相关图表明油苗为典型海相原油;Ts/(Ts +Tm)、C29甾烷20S/(20S+ 20R)及甲基菲指数等均表明油苗为成熟-高熟原油.研究区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色泥岩干酪根δ13C值为-35.79‰～-29.88‰,平均-32.85‰(n=35),与油苗相关性良好,而泥盆系、石炭系和二叠系烃源岩δ13C值显著偏重,均大于-29‰;下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色泥岩干酪根δ34S值为+ 14.78‰～+ 17.60‰,平均+16.32‰(n=4),与油苗具有很好的可比性,而下、中泥盆统黑色泥岩干酪根δ34S值分别为-9.10‰～-6.78‰和+0.63‰～ +7.93‰,二叠系煤系地层有机质δ34S值为-7.40‰～+4.00‰,均显著偏轻.此外,下寒武统黑色泥岩普遍含有较丰富的伽玛蜡烷、三芳甾烷、芳基类异戊二烯烃和惹烯,三芴系列中硫芴含量极高,其它几套黑色泥岩则不合或贫含三芳甾烷和惹烯,伽玛蜡烷和硫芴含量亦较低.综合认为油苗具相同来源,且均与研究区下寒武统黑色泥岩具有较好亲缘关系.     

Potential of Oil Palm Trunk Sap as a Novel Inexpensive Renewable Carbon Feedstock for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthesis and as a Bacterial Growth Medium

Utilization of cheap renewable carbon feedstock for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production not only brings down its production cost but also ensures sustainability. The scope of this study was to evaluate the potential of sap extracted from felled oil palm trunk (OPT) as a novel inexpensive renewable carbon source for PHA production. OPT sap was found to be nutritionally rich and contained various fermentable sugars (5.5% w/v) as its major constituent. Termite gut isolate, Bacillus megaterium MC1 grew profoundly in mineral medium with OPT sap as carbon source and a cell density of 10.9 g/L was attained after 16 h of cultivation in shake flask cultures. A maximum poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)] content (% cell dry weight; CDW) of 30 wt% and a P(3HB) concentration of 3.28 g/L was recorded. Additionally, OPT sap extracted from younger tree trunks with prolonged storage had higher sugar content (10.8% w/v) and, when used as a growth medium without the addition of any nutrients, supported bacterial growth comparable to commercially available media.     

罗霄山脉山地沼泽全新世以来的古气候记录

在中亚热带罗霄山脉东南段井冈山地区的江西坳山地沼泽钻取了150 cm的岩芯样品（JXA钻孔）,通过6个AMS 14C测年结果建立钻孔的年代框架,运用烧失量、腐殖化度、有机碳同位素和灰度值等多项古气候代用指标分析,重建了该地区约11 cal. ka B.P.以来的气候演化历史。结果表明：江西坳山地沼泽的古环境演变过程可以分为４个阶段：11―9.2 cal. ka B.P.钻孔沉积物的有机碳含量低,碳同位素偏负,显示C3植物为主,为气候凉干期;9.2―5.3 cal. ka B.P.碳同位素、有机碳和腐殖化度等指标均指示森林植被繁茂,沉积物泥炭堆积速度加快,为气候最适宜期;5.3―2.2 cal. ka B.P.碳同位素显著变化,有机质含量较高;2.2―0 cal. ka B.P.气候呈现季风再次增强的趋势,人类活动增强。与周边其他的研究结果对比发现：全新世以来罗霄山脉江西坳山地泥炭沼泽的古环境替代指标与低纬度地区其他全新世气候记录基本一致。     

天津2011年秋冬季PM2.5组分特征及其对能见度的影响

利用2011年能见度、相对湿度、风速逐时观测资料和11月16日至12月13日期间颗粒物膜采样数据,分析天津市大气能见度与PM_2.5组分的关系。结果表明：天津颗粒物质量浓度与能见度变化总体呈负相关,PM_2.5和相对湿度对能见度的影响作用明显。能见度与颗粒物中TC质量浓度变化呈负相关,SO₄^2-,NO₃^-,OC和EC是影响大气能见度的主要组分,其中SO₄^2-浓度对能见度影响最大,其次为OC浓度、EC浓度,NO₃^-浓度对能见度的影响相对较小。后向轨迹和混合层高度分析表明,气象条件是造成PM_2.5质量浓度分布差异的重要原因。