Interpretation of IPCC AR6 on mitigation in industry北大核心CSCD

IPCC第六次评估报告(AR6)第三工作组(WGⅢ)报告对全球工业部门碳排放现状、减排需求、主要措施等情况做了系统全面评估。报告指出,工业部门是2000年以来碳排放增长最快的部门;到21世纪中叶,工业部门实现CO净零排放是可能的,但面临巨大挑战,需要在持续推动工业节能的同时注重提升材料效率、推进电气化与燃料替代、发展CO捕集利用与封存(CCUS)等减排措施的应用。报告相关结论,对我国工业部门碳减排工作的部署具有重要参考价值。     

Why are carbon taxes unfair? Disentangling public perceptions of fairness

In order to reach climate goals, governments need to gain support from their voters for the necessary policy interventions, such as carbon dioxide taxes. Previous research concludes that people often do not support and legitimize such taxes because they perceive them as unfair. However, the notion of fairness implies a multitude of factors and despite attempts of the previous research to further nuance people’s fairness perceptions, we currently lack a more precise understanding of what people mean when they regard carbon taxes as unfair. In this article, we thoroughly investigate this problem by using original survey data from YouGov collected in the United States in 2018 and analyzing open-ended survey responses on why people think carbon taxes are unfair. Applying structural topic modeling, we unpack the multi-dimensional meaning of unfairness, as perceived by the US population. The results from our analysis show that people regard carbon taxes based on gas pricing as unfair because they perceive gas prices already being high, because of the need to drive, unfairness for the poor or rural population, lack of trust in government, or considerations that the purpose of the tax is unjustified. These findings help provide a more nuanced policy design to address fairness concerns related to carbon taxes.     

地球的挥发分循环与宜居环境演变SCIEI北大核心CSCD

地球宜居环境的形成和演变与挥发分循环密切相关。宜居性受地球表层系统中挥发分组成和变化的直接影响,但其本质上受控于地球深部系统的挥发分释放和循环过程。本文简要介绍了地球挥发分的起源、大气圈和海洋的形成与演化、深部挥发分释放及对气候环境的影响、俯冲带挥发分循环等几个方面的研究概况。期望本文能使读者更好的理解本专辑稿件的内容,激发起同行对挥发分研究的兴趣,促进我国挥发分相关研究的发展。     

High concentrations of exopolymeric substances in Arctic winter sea ice: implications for the polar ocean carbon cycle and cryoprotection of diatoms

Exopolymeric substances (EPS) produced by microorganisms play important roles in various aquatic, porous, and extreme environments. Only recently has their occurrence in sea ice been considered. We used macroscopic and microscopic approaches to study the content and possible ecological role of EPS in wintertime fast ice near Barrow, Alaska (71°20′ N, 156°40′ W). Using Alcian blue staining of melted ice samples, we observed high concentrations of EPS in all samples examined, ranging from 0.79 to 7.71 mg xanthan gum equivalents (XGEQV) l⁻¹. Areal conversions to carbon equivalents yielded 1.5−1.9 g C m⁻² ice in March and 3.3−4.0 g C m⁻² in May (when the ice was thicker). Although EPS did not correlate with macronutrient or pigment data, the latter analyses indicated ongoing or recent biological activity in the ice within temperature horizons of −11°C to −9°C and warmer. EPS correlated positively with bacterial abundance (although no functional relationship could be deduced) and with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Ratios of EPS/DOC decreased at colder temperatures within the core, arguing against physical conversion of DOC to EPS during freezing. When sea-ice segments were maintained at representative winter temperatures (−5°C,−15°C and −25°C) for 3−14 months, the total EPS content increased significantly at rates of 5−47 μg XGEQV l⁻¹ d⁻¹, similar to published rates of EPS production by diatoms. Microscopic images of ice-core sections at these very cold temperatures, using a recently developed non-invasive method, revealed diatoms sequestered in spacious brine pockets, intact autofluorescent chloroplasts in 47% of the (pennate) diatoms observed, and indications of mucus in diatom-containing pores. The high concentrations of EPS detected in these winter ice cores represent a previously unrecognized form of organic matter that may contribute significantly to polar ocean carbon cycles, not only within the ice but after springtime release into the water column. The EPS present in very high concentrations in the brine of these microhabitats appear to play important buffering and cryoprotectant roles for microorganisms, especially diatoms, against harsh winter conditions of high salinity and potential ice-crystal damage.     

Wood biomass functions for Acacia abyssinica trees and shrubs and implications for provision of ecosystem services in a community managed exclosure in Tigray,Ethiopia

In the Ethiopian highlands, remarkable recovery of vegetation has been achieved using exclosures, protecting vegetation against livestock browsing and firewood harvesting. But these emerging forest resources require tools for sustainable use, implying knowledge on biomass stocks and growth. In this study we developed biomass functions estimating total, stem and branch biomass from diameter at stump height (DSH) and tree height (H) for an 11-year old exclosure in Tigray, Ethiopia. In a systematic grid of 55 plots, DSH and H of all trees and shrubs were recorded. 40 Acacia abyssinica trees were selected for destructive sampling. Allometric relationships using a natural log–log model were established between aboveground biomass, DSH and H. Models with only DSH were found best with R² between 0.95 and 0.98. The functions were 10 fold cross-validated and R²_{_}cv ranged from 0.94 to 0.97, indicating good model performance. The models were found well in range with those of other seasonal forests in East Africa. Total aboveground biomass was estimated 25.4 ton ha⁻¹ with an annual production of 2.3 ton ha⁻¹, allowing sustainable wood fuel use for 4 persons ha⁻¹. The presented predictive functions help to harmonize between ecological and societal objectives and are as such a first step towards an integrated planning tool for exclosures.     

湿地温室气体排放影响因素研究进展

对湿地温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)排放的影响因素进行了论述,研究发现影响湿地温室气体排放的主要因素为植被、水文、土壤状况、气候及人为干扰5个方面。通过分析已有研究的进展和存在的问题,指出湿地温室气体排放的影响机理、各影响因素之间的关系及温室气体减量化研究是该领域未来的重点研究方向,并对湿地温室气体管理提出了建议。     

煤成气轻烃地球化学特征及其影响因素——以四川盆地须家河组为例

轻烃在天然气中含量虽低,但因其含有丰富的地球化学信息,在天然气成因等研究方面引起了关注。作者以四川盆地须家河组煤成气和雷三段油型气为例,采用GC和GC-IR-MS技术对煤成气轻烃的地球化学分布特征及其影响因素进行了系统分析。煤成气C₇轻烃组成具有甲基环己烷分布优势,在甲基环己烷、正庚烷和二甲基环戊烷相对组成中,甲基环己烷含量最高,分布在48%~73%,平均为63.9%,煤成气轻烃单体烃碳同位素重,δ¹³C分布在-25.1‰~-20.0‰之间,大部分分布在-23.0‰~-21.0‰。轻烃的分布受到多种因素影响,天然气成熟度对轻烃中芳烃含量变化影响复杂,在成熟和高成熟阶段,天然气轻烃中芳烃含量低,成熟度对芳烃的含量影响较小,而在过成熟阶段,芳烃含量高,成熟度对芳烃含量影响大。通过凝析油和天然气轻烃组成对比,蒸发分馏作用对热演化参数Ctemp和庚烷值、甲苯/正庚烷等影响较大,但对成因类型参数如(2-MH+2,3-DMP)/C₇与(3-MH+2,4-DMP)/C₇,P2/C₇与N2/P3,正庚烷、甲基环己烷和二甲基环戊烷相对含量关系等影响小。天然气成因类型对轻烃Mango参数K1值、正庚烷、甲基环己烷和二甲基环戊烷相对含量关系以及轻烃单体烃碳同位素影响大,因此,可以利用这些参数进行天然气成因类型判识。     

松辽盆地火山岩包裹体稀有气体同位素与天然气成因成藏示踪

长期以来,国内外油气勘探主要是针对海相碳酸盐岩和海陆相碎屑岩,火山岩原来一直是油气勘探的禁区。松辽陆内裂谷盆地燕山期由于太平洋板块对中国大陆板块的斜向俯冲,发生弧后伸展裂陷,造成火山岩的大量喷发,以爆发相和溢流相为主。火山岩储层物性较好,不严格受埋深控制,但非均质性强,孔隙度0.5%~18.7%不等,渗透率0.0001×10^-3~1×10^-3μm²。火山岩裂缝内方解石脉或石英脉中包裹体捕获温度为105~250℃,多数在120~160℃;包裹体中气体³He/⁴He值分布在2.86×10^-7~7.33×10^-6,平均为2.48×10^-6;R/Ra＝0.26~5.24,多数R/Ra>1; ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar＝293~2485,主值区间为500~900;⁴He/²⁰Ne＝0.32~1255,主值区间为10~95和170~370;δ¹³C₁=-17.1‰~-28.7‰,δ¹³C₂=-23.4‰~-32.4‰,δ¹³Cco₂=-10.97‰~-21.73‰。包裹体He、Ar、C等同位素数据表明,存在幔源通道,进而在火山岩中存在幔源无机成因气。根据火山岩产状和分布及其与断裂活动的关系,无机成因气藏主要分布于断裂带附近,有机成因气或有机-无机混源气则远离断裂活动带分布。本文包裹体同位素研究结果对确定松辽盆地深层火山岩储层中的天然气成因类型、分布规律,指导后续天然气勘探具有重要的参考价值。     

农业活动对岩溶作用碳汇的影响:以重庆青木关地下河流域为例

以受农业活动影响强烈的重庆青木关地下河流域为研究对象,利用CTDP300多参数水质自动记录仪、WGZ-1型光电数字水位计、HOBO小型气象站在线自动监测电导率、水位以及降雨等数据,并获取流域耕地面积数据,于2010年分月采集地下水样,分析常规水化学和地下水溶解无机碳δ13C,初步探讨流域农业活动对岩溶作用过程和碳汇的影响,发现农业活动对岩溶作用过程产生明显的影响,进而影响到岩溶地质碳汇。地下水水化学以及地下水δ13CDIC值证实了流域地下水DIC是碳酸、硝酸和硫酸共同溶蚀碳酸盐岩的产物;每月碳酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩产生DIC占地下水中总DIC的比例在55.53%～81.25%之间,雨季(62.98%)普遍低于旱季(74.86%);碳酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩产生的DIC的量为14.67×106mol/a,其中岩溶作用产生的净CO2汇量为7.335×106mol/a,而硝酸和硫酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩产生的DIC总量为7.48×106mol/a,约占地下水中总DIC的33.8%,单位面积耕地上硝酸和硫酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩产生DIC的强度为1.89×106mol/(km2.a)。人类活动引入的硝酸和硫酸参与碳酸盐岩的溶解并改变了区域碳循环。     

藏南碳酸岩脉成因及其气候效应

始新世末期以来,全球大气CO₂浓度持续下降,但长期以来不清楚为何这一时期全球大气CO₂浓度下降,巨量的大气CO₂赋存于何处。深入研究该问题有助于准确理解未来大气CO₂浓度变化的趋势,特别是有助于进一步评估人类自身碳排放的后果。这一时期,小印度陆块持续与大亚洲陆块汇聚,导致了以喜马拉雅为代表的山脉群和青藏高原的形成。很早就有学者从地球表层碳循环的角度提出了"青藏高原的隆升导致了全球变冷"的观点,但这一观点既没有解释清楚"巨量大气CO₂到何处去"的问题,也没有讨论青藏高原本身向大气圈排放CO₂等问题,因此该观点最近受到了强烈的质疑。这些激烈的争论充分反映了传统的地球表层碳循环研究已不能充分满足当前社会的需求。本文从深部碳循环这个视角重新探讨青藏高原在全球碳循环中的作用。在印度与亚洲陆块持续汇聚期间,以喜马拉雅为代表的巨型山脉快速崛起,然后持续遭受化学风化作用,大量消耗大气CO₂。化学风化的产物堆积在喜马拉雅山前的前陆盆地内,形成了巨量含新生碳酸盐矿物和有机碳的西瓦里克沉积杂岩,随后新生的西瓦里克杂岩又随持续平板俯冲的印度陆壳被带入青藏高原内部,与平板俯冲的印度陆壳共同经历高温变质作用。俯冲板片内的(黑)云母等含水矿物发生脱水,形成花岗岩浆。花岗岩浆再与俯冲的西瓦里克杂岩内的碳酸盐岩发生交代反应,释放出含钙、镁离子、以CO₂和水为主的高温流体,本文称其为壳源火成碳酸岩浆。碳酸岩浆沿张性裂隙上侵、冷凝之后形成藏南的碳酸岩脉。虽然青藏高原内部的火山、温泉等均向大气圈排放CO₂,但所排放的碳均为再循环来自大气圈的碳,并且排放量略小于吸收量,否则消耗大气CO₂所新生的碳酸岩脉就不会在青藏高原内部保存下来。藏南大量晚新生代碳酸岩脉的发现充分说明了喜马拉雅山脉和藏南高原是一个巨大的碳储库,在其形成过程中将巨量大气CO₂转化为流体(岩浆)的形式封存于青藏高原内部,从而大幅降低了大气CO₂浓度,最终导致了全球变冷。上述过程充分说明,大气CO₂浓度的变化实质上是受控于地球内部的构造运动。进一步可推论出,"全球变化"只是一个自然现象,虽然它有独特的运行轨迹,但与人类的碳排放量无因果关系。