中国城镇建设用地投入非协调性的动态演变研究

基于国情和现实发展,对中国城镇建设用地投入非协调性进行了分析。通过构建城镇建设用地投入非协调性指数模型,综合测度了2000~2009年期间中国各省区城镇建设用地投入之于城镇人口、GDP、固定资产投资、地方财政税收、产业就业非农化以及社会非农化的非协调性程度及其动态演变过程、趋势和类别,并在此基础上对其产生的原因进行剖析,最后就如何协调中国城镇建设用地投入提出调控对策与优化途径。结果表明:中国城镇建设用地投入非协调整体呈"波浪式"的下降趋势,但整体效益水平还有待提高;非协调性分类及其演化以相对协调型和滞后型为主,且有着明显的区域特征;演变机理分析表明资源要素禀赋与区域差异、国家宏观调控、体制制约、历史遗留和行政区划调整是造成非协调性的主要原因;最后从体制环境改革、全国主体功能区划和区级财政转移支付视角提出优化调控对策。     

Brief review on climate change and tropical peatlands

In 2008, the very extensive tropical peats were estimated to be about 182 million ha spanning South America, Asia and Africa. About 20.3%(36.9 million ha) of this area exist in Asia. Peats are classified based on their degree of decomposition, namely Fibrists, Hemists, Saprists and Folists. This makes them different in characteristics. The activities of microorganisms vary in different types of peat due to, for example, the sapric layer of well humified peat can provide water and food to microorganisms during heat stress. In another scenario, deeper peat is older and typically has lower levels of labile carbon to provide substrate for microbes compared to surface peat. A complete understanding of the microbial communities in different layers of peat is essential as microorganisms play major roles in peat decomposition and are important to ecosystem processes. These peats are a very important global carbon(C)store or reserve and could severely impact climate change if not managed well. Peatlands can store as much as 40 to 90 Gt C. Mis-management of peats could severely impact the environment particularly the emission of carbon into the atmosphere. For instance, clearing of peatlands using fire has been reported to release an estimated 88 t C ha~(-1) to the atmosphere. There are several factors which influence the environmental consequences of tropical peat especially in relation to climate change. The main influences are:(i) changes in temperature,(ii) changes in precipitation or rainfall,(iii) changes in atmospheric composition, and(iv) fire and haze. This paper is a brief review on these four influences in relation to climate change. It is apparent from the brief review that there is a need for continued short and long-term research to better understand tropical peats and how they affect our climate. This will hopefully provide the basis for predicting better what could happen under various scenarios.     

青藏高原北部湖泊沉积物中基于不同碳源可培养细菌多样性

自然环境溶解有机碳（DOC）的组成影响着微生物群落结构,不同微生物类群对有机碳源类型的利用表现出差异。然而,纯菌株的碳源利用选择性及其和盐度的关系却仍不是很清楚。本文采用单碳源纯培养技术、聚合酶链式反应（PCR,Polymerase Chain Reaction）和相关统计方法,研究了青藏高原北部六个湖泊（洱海、青海湖、托素湖、尕海1、尕海2、小柴旦湖）沉积物中的基于不同碳源可培养细菌多样性及其与盐度的响应关系。采用七种不同类型的单碳源（甲酸钠、乙酸钠、丙酮酸钠、乳酸钠、葡萄糖、纤维素、混合氨基酸）进行培养筛选。本文共获得10个细菌分类属,它们分属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）、希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella）、脱氯单胞菌属（Dechloromonas）、动性球菌属（Planococcus）、盐单胞菌属（Halomonas）、微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）、弧菌属（Vibrio）、交替假单胞菌属（Pseudoalteromonas）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）。其中,盐单胞菌属菌株可利用本研究使用的所有碳源类型,说明这类细菌具有广泛碳代谢途径,并潜在地参与了青藏高原北部湖泊碳循环过程。所得的纯菌株利用不同碳链长度的碳源具有选择性,即随着盐度增高,某些菌株更偏向利用结构更加复杂的碳源。总之,盐度不仅影响着纯培养细菌群落多样性,而且还影响着细菌对碳源类型的选择。     

A survey of oil and gas wells in the Texas Gulf Coast,USA, and implications for geological sequestration of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Subsurface sequestration of CO₂ in oil and gas provinces where permanence of hydrocarbon accumulations has proven the reliability of potential traps is rightly seen as a solid option for containment of CO₂ atmospheric concentrations. However, one of the most promising provinces for carbon storage in North America, the Texas Gulf Coast, has also been heavily drilled for more than a century, puncturing many otherwise perfectly sound seals (>125,000 wells over ~50,000 km²). As a result, boreholes and, in particular, older abandoned wells could be major leakage pathways for sequestered CO₂. This article presents statistics on well spatial and depth distribution that have been drawn from public domain sources and relates these data to historical plugging and abandonment regulations in the Texas Gulf Coast. Surface-well density averages of 2.4 wells/km² can be locally much higher—but also much lower in larger areas. Average well penetration density drops to 0.27 and 0.05 well/km² below a depth of 2,440 and 3,660 m, respectively. Natural mitigating factors such as thief zones and heaving “shales” could also play a role in limiting the impact of these direct conduits to the shallow subsurface and surface.     

Hype among low-carbon technologies: Carbon capture and storage in comparison

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology has become a crucial part of climate change mitigation strategies around the world; yet its progress has been slow. Some have criticised CCS as a distracting hype, even as mainstream support continues. This article adapts the literature on technological hypes to develop a framework suitable for technologies with limited media/public exposure, such as CCS. It provides a qualitative context and analyses seven quantitative indicators of hype that are largely internal to the CCS technology regime. Throughout, the article contrasts results for CCS with those of comparable technologies. The main findings, which support the view that CCS has been hyped, are as follows. “Expectations” mounted rapidly in the form of project announcements for electricity applications of CCS and deployment forecasts in influential reports. However, announcements soon plummeted. “Commitments” remained high, nonetheless, judging by allocations in public budgets and number of peer-reviewed publications. Meanwhile, “outcomes”—in terms of patents, prototypes and estimated costs—reveal few if any improvements for CCS. Considering these findings and the characteristics of CCS, its development is likely to be more difficult than initially expected. Accordingly, this article calls for decisively prioritising CCS for industrial and, potentially, bioenergy uses. Coal- and gas-fired power plants may be replaced by non-CCS technologies, so power CCS development is far less pressing.     

川东宣汉地区天然气地球化学特征及成因

依据10余口探井60多个气样的化学成份和碳同位素组成数据,结合烃源岩和储层沥青分析资料,系统剖析了四川盆地东部宣汉地区普光、毛坝场等构造带天然气地球化学特征,并探讨了其成因及来源。研究结果表明:这些构造带中飞仙关组—长兴组天然气为高含硫化氢的干气,天然气化学成份表现出古油藏原油裂解气的特点。其烃类气体中以甲烷为主(高于99.5%);富含非烃气体,CO2和H2S平均含量分别达5.32%和11.95%。甲烷碳同位素较重(-33‰～-29‰),表征高热演化性质;乙烷δ13C值主要分布在-33‰至-28‰范围,属油型气。这些天然气与川东邻近气田的同层位天然气具有同源性,而与石炭系气藏天然气在化学成份、碳同位素组成上有所不同,意味着有不同的气源。硫化物硫同位素和沥青元素组成证实高含量的H2S是气藏发生TSR作用所致。δ34S值表征层状沉积成因的硬石膏是TSR作用的反应物,而脉状硬石膏则是其残余物。储层的孔隙类型可能与TSR作用强度和H2S含量高低有联系,裂缝型气层中H2S少,孔洞型储层中H2S丰富。乙烷、沥青和各层系烃源岩干酪根碳同位素对比表明研究区飞仙关组—长兴组气藏天然气主要来自二叠系烃源层。     

Examination of the quality of GOSAT/CAI cloud flag data over Beijing using ground-based cloud data

It has been several years since the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite （GOSAT） began to observe the distribution of CO2 and CH4 over the globe from space. Results from Thermal and Near-infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation-Cloud and Aerosol Imager （TANSO-CAI） cloud screening are necessary for the retrieval of CO2 and CH4 gas concentrations for GOSAT TANSO-Fourier Transform Spectrometer （FTS） observations. In this study, TANSO-CAI cloud flag data were compared with ground-based cloud data collected by an all-sky imager （ASI） over Beijing from June 2009 to May 2012 to examine the data quality. The results showed that the CAI has an obvious cloudy tendency bias over Beijing, especially in winter. The main reason might be that heavy aerosols in the sky are incorrectly determined as cloudy pixels by the CAI algorithm. Results also showed that the CAI algorithm sometimes neglects some high thin cirrus cloud over this area.     

南海台西南盆地南部海域19 ka以来沉积物物源与输运机制分析

通过对南海台西南盆地南部海域TS6岩芯沉积物样品稀土元素地球化学特征和黏土矿物组合进行分析,探讨了研究区近19 ka (末次冰消期)以来沉积物物质来源、输运机制及物源变化特征。物源综合分析结果显示,台湾河流是研究区沉积物的主要源区,其中台湾西部河流较东部河流贡献更大,珠江也为研究区输送了部分沉积物。由于各源区物质主要黏土矿物种类及含量存在较大差异,推测研究区沉积物黏土矿物中的伊利石和绿泥石主要由台湾河流提供,高岭石主要由珠江提供,含量较少的蒙脱石由东南部的吕宋岛提供。末次冰消期以来,研究区陆源物质输入量受控于海平面变化而逐渐减少,黏土矿物组合反映的物源变化主要受控于气候和洋流变化,还可能叠加了多种因素的影响。     

变形分析中AR模型的精化

在变形分析中,为了考虑输入信号对变形体的影响及模型误差的干扰,提出顾及输入信号影响的半参数AR模型,并通过实验分析取得较好的建模和预报效果,达到对现有AR模型精化的目的.     

Extracellular polysaccharides from cyanobacterial soil crusts: A review of their role in dryland soil processes

Cyanobacterial soil crusts are a community of microorganisms living in the soil surface of different habitats worldwide. Through photosynthesis, cyanobacteria produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) increasing the soil carbon (C) pool as carbohydrates. The layer of polysaccharides also acts as a mechanical structure surrounding the filamentous cyanobacteria that together with the soil particles form stable aggregates in the topsoil thus decreasing C loss by erosion. Thus despite their apparent importance to the dryland system we have only a limited understanding of their role and possible applications in dryland soil environments. This review draws on these disparate sources of information in order to provide a summary of our understanding of the characteristics, behaviour and influence of cyanobacterial EPS in dryland soils and makes recommendations for further research.