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71.
On 1 December 2007, eight ‘Small Island Developing States’ in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean implemented a management regime restricting the total number of days fished by tuna purse seine vessels within their waters, commonly referred to as the Vessel Day Scheme (VDS). The VDS is seen as one component of management arrangements to reduce fishing mortality on bigeye and yellowfin tuna, constrain fishing effort, and increase the rate of return from access fees by Distant Water Fishing Nations. 相似文献
72.
73.
Langley R. Muir 《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):320-336
Abstract Surveys in the Middle Estuary of the St Lawrence have yielded a data base consisting of more than 15,000 T‐S pairs distributed over 62 13‐h profiling stations. Although the T‐S curves at each station are remarkably linear, the variability of the slopes and intercepts of the lines is considerable. The means and standard deviations of the temperature and salinity at each individual station are not explicable in terms of linear combinations of the parameters for location in the Estuary, the upstream water properties, the phase of the spring‐neap cycle and the tidal energies. It is shown that the tidally‐averaged density structure is separable into horizontal and vertical components and that its vertical variation over the whole Estuary may be explained by any one of three different functional forms. However, its horizontal variation is not explicable in terms of linear combinations of the parameters mentioned in the paragraph above. Plots of the horizontal variations in temperature, salinity or density may only be meaningful if the data are collected synoptically, and even then cannot be considered to be accurate over time‐scales longer than one tidal cycle. 相似文献
74.
This paper presents the first large‐scale British study of the impacts of commercial forest cutting on stream‐flow regimes. The 70% forested headwaters of the River Severn are part of the intensively instrumented long‐term Plynlimon catchment study into the impact of land use on stream flow. The forest area, comprising predominantly Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), was planted mainly in the 1930s and 1940s. Harvesting commenced in the mid‐1980s and over the study period about half the forest has been felled. Changes in annual water yield and extreme flows were studied in four nested catchments ranging in area from about 1 to 10 km2 and compared with an adjacent benchmark grassland catchment. As expected from earlier process studies the cutting of the forest increased total annual flows. Less expected was the clear evidence that the felling augmented low flows. This informs a long‐standing debate whether upland forestry increases or reduces baseflows. A particularly notable result was the lack of impact of the harvesting on storm peak flows. This may result from the application of forest management guidelines designed to reduce soil damage and erosion during the harvesting, and indicates that the forest itself has a limited impact on flooding. These findings are timely because British forest expansion peaked in the 30 years following the Second World War, and large areas of these woodlands are now approaching economic maturity and will be harvested in the next two decades. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
75.
The seismic stability analysis of an embankment lying over a soft foundation soil reinforced by a group of vertical piles is performed within the framework of the upper bound kinematic approach of yield design. The analysis is based on a previously developed ‘multiphase’ model of the reinforced ground, which explicitly accounts for the shear and bending resistances of the piles. Making use of appropriate failure mechanisms involving shear zones across which the reinforcements are continuously deforming, along with ‘plastic hinge’ surfaces, upper bound estimates to the critical seismic coefficient of the structure are derived. The results, which are confirmed by the simulations obtained from a finite element elastoplastic code, give clear evidence of the key role played by the bending strength capacities of the piles in ensuring the stability of the pile reinforced embankment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
76.
Winter wheat is one of China's most important staple food crops, and its production is strongly influenced
by weather, especially droughts. As a result, the impact of drought on the production of winter wheat is
associated with the food security of China. Simulations of future climate for scenarios A2 and A1B provided
by GFDL_CM2, MPI_ECHAM5, MRI_CGCM2, NCAR_CCSM3, and UKMO_HADCM3 during 2001-
2100 are used to project the influence of drought on winter wheat yields in North China. Winter wheat
yields are simulated using the crop model WOFOST (WOrld FOod STudies). Future changes in temperature
and precipitation are analyzed. Temperature is projected to increase by 3.9-5.5℃ ? for scenario A2 and by
2.9-5.1℃ ? for scenario A1B, with fairly large interannual variability. Mean precipitation during the growing
season is projected to increase by 16.7 and 8.6 mm (10 yr)-1, with spring precipitation increasing by 9.3 and
4.8 mm (10 yr)-1 from 2012-2100 for scenarios A2 and A1B, respectively. For the next 10-30 years (2012-
2040), neither the growing season precipitation nor the spring precipitation over North China is projected
to increase by either scenario.
Assuming constant winter wheat varieties and agricultural practices, the influence of drought induced by
short rain on winter wheat yields in North China is simulated using the WOFOST crop model. The drought
index is projected to decrease by 9.7% according to scenario A2 and by 10.3% according to scenario A1B
during 2012-2100. This indicates that the drought influence on winter wheat yields may be relieved over
that period by projected increases in rain and temperature as well as changes in the growth stage of winter
wheat. However, drought may be more severe in the near future, as indicated by the results for the next
10-30 years. 相似文献
77.
The determination of uranium series disequilibria in fluvial environments is proposed as a method of calculating catchment mass balances. The technique is based on two main principles. Firstly, 234U is more mobile than 238U, especially during the early stages of weathering. Secondly, uranium is far more mobile than either thorium or protactinium. Consequently, teaching during weathering results in the loss of the uranium found in the fresh rock, leaving the two immobile daughters behind. The ratio of uranium carried by sediment to that dissolved, US/UW can, therefore, be determined from river water and sediment isotopic activity ratios. Fluxes of uranium can then be calculated from average concentrations in the water and the associated sediment, from which a sediment yield can be inferred. The Witham catchment in Lincolnshire has been used to test the proposed method. A US/UW ratio of between 5 and 7 is determined and a sediment yield of 2.51 ± 2.12 tonnes yr?1 km?2 is proposed. Although some problems concerning environmental chemistry have arisen, the validity of the approach is confirmed by the close correspondence between the results obtained and those inferred by earlier workers using more conventional methods. 相似文献
78.
A. R. Wyatt 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1993,82(2):185-188
Sediment yield from modern continental blocks is a function of the area (dissolved load) and hypsometry (mechanical load) of the blocks. Hypsographic curves for modern continental blocks show that the change in the percentage area flooded for any change in eustatic sea level depends on the size of the block and the absolute sea level. This allows predictions of changes in sediment yield around different sized blocks for any given eustatic change. The range in size of continental blocks is such that, for any given sea level change, the blocks will show different percentage changes in yield. Data from modern continental blocks are compared with theoretical results. Assuming that the rules governing modern hypsometries applied in the past, and a constant volume of continental crust, it is possible to estimate the hypsographic curves of former continental blocks. The implications of suggested past continental configurations and sea levels for sediment yield are discussed. 相似文献
79.
80.
基于对失饱和带毛管与潜水流间交互作用的分析,提出了以“失水带迟后反应”模式计算延迟给水下的定降深流动①的成因方法。它能自然地解释水位、水头的Walton三阶段演变规律,且拟合实测资料,具较强实用性。现行的纽曼代表性模型未能考虑延迟给水作用,因而其水位计算结果与实测线型相反.博尔顿法是经验性的,未予揭示该现象成因。本法基本上解决了上述问题。文后图示了各参变量对水头时空分布的影响。验算表明,将本法用于潜水出流试验推求含水层参数,可获更佳结果。 相似文献