Spatial Distribution Assessment and Source Apportionment of Land-Based Pollutant Yield from Qingdao,China

The spatial distribution of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) yield from Qingdao are studied by comparing pollutant yield amount, densities and spatial aggregation(Getis-Ord indexes) among the land-based pollutant source regions(PSRs) entering the three sub-seas(i.e. the Jiaozhou Bay(JZB), other coastal area in the Yellow Sea(OCAYS) and Laizhou Bay(LZB), respectively). Industrial composition of the loads are also studied by comparing pollutant yield among the sources of agriculture, rural domesticity, industry, urban domesticity and service, and calculation of Gini coefficient. Results show that spatial distribution of COD and TN yield from Qingdao are extremely unbalanced. The JZB, with less than 3% of the total coastal sea area of Qingdao, received 62% COD load and 65% TN yield from Qingdao, while the OCAYS, with more than 97% area, only received 23% COD and 20% TN, which consist with the much worsen water quality of JZB than that of OCAYS. On the other hand, the source apportionment of COD and TN loads in the PSRs entering JZB and the OCAYS was similar. The agricultural and domestic sources with high pollution intensity account for more than 80%, while the industrial and service sources with low pollution intensity account for less than 20%. While Gini coefficients, COD 0.81 and TN 0.84 which are much higher than the ‘imbalance' threshold of 0.4, show the uneven industrial structure of Qingdao. These results may be useful in the determination of land-based pollution total amount control at the PSR level.     

九龙江口浮游植物群体对盐度胁迫的快速适应

Mixing of freshwater and seawater creates the well-known salinity gradients along the estuaries. In order to investigate how phytoplankton respond to the acute salinity changes, we exposed natural phytoplankton assemblies from the Jiulong River Estuary to differential saline field water while continuously monitoring their photosynthetic performances under both indoor-and outdoor-growth conditions. When the natural cell assemblies from salinity 30 field water were exposed to series low saline field water(salinity 25, 17, 13 and 7.5), the effective Photosystem II quantum yield(ΔF/F_m′) decreased sharply, e.g., to one-fifth of its initials after 5 min exposure to salinity 7.5 field water, and then increased fast during the following 40 min and almost completely recovered after 320 min. During such an exposure process, non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) sharply increased from 0 to 0.85 within 5 min, and then decreased to nearly 0 within the following 70 min. When these cells re-acclimated to salinity 7.5 field water were exposed to series high saline field water(salinity 13, 17, 25 and 30), a similar response pattern was observed, with the decreased ΔF/F_m′ accompanied with increased NPQ, and followed by the recovery-induced increase in ΔF/F_m′ and decrease in NPQ. A similar response pattern as ΔF/F_m′to the acute osmotic stress was also observed in the photosynthetic carbon fixation capacity according to radiocarbon(~(14)C) incorporation. Our results indicate that estuarine phytoplankton assemblies could rapidly recover from the acute osmotic stress, implying a potential cause for their frequent blooms in coastal-estuarine waters where despite drastically varying salinity, available nutrients are abundant due to the land-derived runoffs or mixing-caused relaxations from sediments.     

黄渤海带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)渔业生物学参考点估计研究

It is important to find a reliable method to estimate maximum sustainable yield(MSY) or total allowable catch(TAC) for fishery management, especially when the data availability is limited which is a case in China. A recently developed method(CMSY) is a data-poor method, which requires only catch data, resilience and exploitation history at the first and final years of the catch data. CMSY was used in this study to estimate the biological reference points for Largehead hairtail(Trichiurus lepturus, Temminck and Schlegel) in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, based on the fishery data from China Fishery Statistical Year Books during 1986 to 2012. Additionally,Bayesian state-space Schaefer surplus production model(BSM) and the classical surplus production models(Schaefer and Fox) performed by software CEDA and ASPIC, were also projected in this study to compare with the performance of CMSY. The estimated MSYs from all models are about 19.7×104–27.0×104 t, while CMSY and BSM yielded more reasonable population parameter estimates(the intrinsic population growth rate and the carrying capacity). The biological reference points of B/BMSY smaller than 1.0, while F/FMSY higher than 1.0 revealed an over-exploitation of the fishery, indicating that more conservative management strategies are required for Largehead hairtail fishery.     

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Distribution of general aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in sediment core taken from the Canadian basin and the Chukchi Sea

The occurrence percentage and abundance of General Aerobic Hetero- trophic Bacteria （GAB） were determined by using the method of MPN for 182 sub- samples from 10 sediment cores taken from the Canadian basin and the Chukchi Sea at two different culturing temperatures. The results showed that the general occurrence percentage of GAB was quite high, average abundanees of GAB at cultured temperatares of 4℃ and 25℃ were 4.46 ×10^7 and 5.47×10^7 cells·g^-1（wt）, respectively. The highest abundance of GAB occurred at 20 -22 cm section in the sediment. GAB abundances changed among the section of sediments, but there is a trend ： the a-bundances at the middle or lower sections were lower than those at upper section. Cultivation at 25℃ could improve the occurrence percentage and abundances of GAB, which suggests that the increasing of temperature may change the living circum-stances of GAB. The differences of GAB among the latitudes areas indicated that occurrence percentage and abundances of GAB in middle latitude areas were higher than those in the higher or lower latitude areas, and were more obvious at 4℃ than those at 25℃. The GAB abundances in sediment under the shallower water seemed to be low- er than those in sediments under the deeper water and this status was more obvious at 25℃ than that at 4℃.     

楚科奇海和加拿大海盆表层沉积物中好气异养细菌的地理分布

本文用MPN法测定楚科奇海和加拿大海盆表层沉积物中好气异养细菌(GAB)的含量,并对其地理学分布进行分析。结果表明,研究区GAB的检出率高达100%。4℃时GAB的含量范围、平均含量为4.00×102-2.40×106个.g-1、1.71×106个.g-1。25℃时GAB的含量范围、平均含量为2.40×105-2.40×107个.g-1、1.10×107个.g-1。无论是含量范围,还是平均含量,均是25℃时的培养结果大于4℃时的培养结果。GAB含量的地理分布趋势是随纬度增高,含量呈降低趋势。在经度变化上则为由东向西,含量呈降低趋势。对沉积物所处水深的分析,表明其在4℃培养得出来的GAB含量随水深增加有下降的趋势,25℃培养出来的GAB含量受环境影响较小,与水深变化关系不明显。     

用元素守恒法估算塔里木盆地台盆区寒武系高过成熟烃源岩产烃率

干酪根产烃率是盆地模拟计算油气资源的一项非常重要的参数,以往采用岩石样品热模拟建立产烃率图解的方法对于高过成熟烃源岩有一定的局限.根据元素守恒相关理论,建立了一种通过H/C原子比变化来估算烃源岩产烃率的方法,作为热模拟实验方法的补充.与模拟实验相比,该方法简单易行,结果较为可靠.将这一方法应用到塔里木盆地台盆区寒武系烃源岩,估算了这套烃源岩的晚期生气潜力,取得了一定的成果.     

无定河流域不同地貌区水沙过程对比

为了查明人为影响程度较低时期无定河流域内不同地貌区的水沙过程及其变化规律,选取1970年以前一段时期该流域内风沙区和黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的有关水文站的水文泥沙实测数据进行对比分析。结果表明,风沙区河流的流量变率较黄土丘陵沟壑区的小;风沙区河流的含沙量远小于黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的含沙量。黄土丘陵沟壑区河流具有极高的输沙率,而风沙区河流的输沙率微不足道。风沙区和黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的产流模数基本相近,但产沙模数非常悬殊,前者的产沙模数很小,为118.58~725.38t /km² · a,而后者的达到1879.36~25112.15t /km² · a。显然,无定河流域黄土丘陵沟壑区的河流是侵蚀产沙的主要来源区,因而是水土保持工作的重点区域。     

一种新的流域水沙关系模型及其在年际时间尺度的应用

根据陕西子洲试验站9个流域和山西离石试验站3个流域的观测数据,研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区次暴雨径流和产沙的关系。结果表明:在研究区,当流量超过某一临界值后,含沙量保持稳定,且次洪平均含沙量主要取决于大流量时段,故对于较大的洪水事件,其平均含沙量也趋于稳定,次暴雨和次暴雨过程两个时间尺度的水沙关系表现出很好的相似性。因此可用正比关系式来拟合较大洪水次暴雨径流深和产沙模数之间的关系。由于极端事件对研究区水土流失的重要性,使得该模型有很好的实用性。模型在年际时间尺度上的应用结果表明,对仅在次暴雨期间产流的地区,该模型可以很好地预测年产沙量,而对于常年流水的流域,在丰水年根据汛期径流量该模型也有较好的计算精度。     

断层周围的弹塑性区及其地质意义

采用弹塑性有限单元方法 ,通过模拟符合实际状况的逐步加载过程所引起应力场和塑性形变区的研究 ,得出如下结果 :①在塑性或韧性剪切形变情况下 ,断裂或形变带的共轭剪切角往往大于 4 5° ;②在双向挤压应力条件下 ,先存断裂的前缘部位没有拉伸应力存在 ,但可能有伸展形变发生 ;③与最大主压应力夹角为 3 0°～ 90°的断层前缘是偏应力的优势方位 ,容易发生塑性剪切形变 ,特别是夹角为 60°左右的断层是最易发生新的构造活动的断层 ;④多数断层两侧一定范围内以及断层内部是相对的低应力区。这些应力的低值区 ,非常有利于矿液和油气的运移、聚集和成藏。