Debris flow affecting the Cubatão Oil Refinery,Brazil

On February 6, 1994, a large debris flow developed because of intense rains in a 800-m-high mountain range called Serra do Cubatão, the local name for the Serra do Mar, located along the coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It affected the Presidente Bernardes Refinery, owned by Petrobrás, in Cubatão. The damages amounted to about US $40 million because of the muck cleaning, repairs, and 3-week interruption of the operations. This prompted Petrobrás to conduct studies, carried out by the authors, to develop protection works, which were done at a cost of approximately US $12 million. The paper describes the studies conducted on debris flow mechanics. A new criteria to define rainfall intensities that trigger debris flows is presented, as well as a correlation of slipped area with soil porosity and rain intensity. Also presented are (a) an actual grain size distribution of a deposited material, determined by laboratory and a large-scale field test, and (b) the size distribution of large boulders along the river bed. Based on theory, empirical experience and back-analysis of the events, the main parameters as the front velocity, the peak discharge and the volume of the transported sediments were determined in a rational basis for the design of the protection works. Finally, the paper describes the set of the protection works built, emphasizing their concept and function. They also included some low-cost innovative works.     

广州防震减灾普及宣传工作现状调查及对策研究

为了解广州市开展防震减灾普及宣传工作的现状以及市民对于这类工作的接触与认可程度,以随机抽样调查的方式,选取广州市市区为调查区域,通过问卷收集受访者对于宣传工作的方式、内容、频度和效果等的信息反馈,并基于受访者防震减灾基本知识的掌握情况,对调查结果进行分析.结果表明:广州市的防震减灾普及宣传工作在总体上存在应景化的现象;在方式上存在多样性欠缺的问题,在内容上存在安排不合理的情况;同时存在频度过小、受众面有限的问题.但受访者对于目前较为广泛的宣传方式依然存在较高的认可度.     

浅谈公路工程施工费用的有效控制

招标文件、清单编制、工程变更、计量支付工作是公路工程费用控制的几个重要环节,在公路工程管理中具有非常重要的意义,它们对准确核定工程造价,控制工程投资、确保工程质量和施工进度等起重要作用。主要介绍了公路工程招标、工程量清单的编制、工程变更处理以及施工中计量支付的注意事项。     

基于最多叶子生成树的中国航空网络轴辐结构构建

航空网络的轴辐 (Hub-Spoke) 结构是实现规模经济发展的重要交通运输网络结构,本文为此提出了一种全新的航空网络轴辐结构构建方法。该方法从图论和地理学的角度出发,引入地理距离约束,改进了传统的最多叶子生成树 (Maximum Leaf Spanning Tree) 算法,直接从现有的中国航空网络中抽取树形轴辐结构形成航空支线网络,然后选取支线网络中度前10的节点作为航空枢纽点,并将枢纽点之间在原图中的航线抽取为航空干线网络,最后将支线网络和干线网络合并形成中国航空网络的轴辐结构。在与相关研究的对比分析中,本文方法虽是从图论角度出发,但构建的中国航空轴辐结构符合实际地理环境,划分支线网络距离阈值的选择更加客观合理,所选的航空枢纽点地理意义更为明显,干支线网络的覆盖度更为全面。     

固体矿产勘查中矿体外推问题探讨

固体矿产勘查储量计算过程中,矿体圈连时不可避免地会涉及到矿体外推的地质问题。其中,矿体外推的介质为储量计算剖面图和矿体中段水平投影图,矿体外推方式根据外推介质的不同分为沿走向外推和沿倾向外推。此外,根据有无探矿工程的限制可分为有限外推和无限外推,矿体外推起点为有探矿工程控制的矿体边缘样品工程,矿体外推长度分为"尖灭1/2工程间距、尖推=1/2工程间距、平推=1/4工程间距",外推矿体任何部位厚度必须小于矿体外推起点处矿体厚度。矿体外推与资源/储量分类关系密切,一般情况下外推矿体的资源量类型应为333。     

“定居兴牧”水源工程及技术支撑体系

针对“定居兴牧”水源工程勘测设计、建设管理中的难点问题和关键环节,分析和阐述了立项审批、建设资金、建设管理及质量安全三项保障措施,以及建立的坝工建设、工程水文计算及工程地质勘察、工程设计与施工技术体系三项技术支撑,提出了工程规模“择小放大”、泄水建筑物规模“择大放小”、抗震设计“评Ⅶ设Ⅷ”、灌溉模式“择高有压”、地质条件复杂“避让放弃”等技术措施和应把握的原则,建立了“定居兴牧”水源工程技术支撑体系;并针对牧民定居水资源保障和安置模式、水源工程水价及管理、受水区开发规模等问题进行了分析讨论,指出新疆已不具备大规模开发水土资源的条件,采取“集中定居、插花定居、分流转产”三种定居模式,是切合新疆实际的;水源及其配套工程效益的发挥,需要加快饲草饲料基地开发建设,走集约化、现代化发展之路;水价应考虑牧民承受能力和工程良性运行的需要,可采取财政扶持、分阶段逐步到位,实施定居区水务一体化管理,发挥项目的规模效应;定居区规模要做到“水土平衡、供需平衡”,防止“小马拉大车”;工程建成后,要加强水文监测,为水库安全度汛和调度提供可靠的基础依据.定居兴牧水源工程的顺利实施,赋予了“新疆效率”深刻的科学内涵,对于加速现代草原生态畜牧业发展,具有一定的借鉴、指导作用.     

Remediation and monitoring of a highway across an active landslide at Trevor, North Wales

In March 1989, a moderately steep slope forming sidelong ground below the B5434 Trevor to Froncysyllte Road failed after a period of exceptionally heavy rainfall and severed the highway. A long history of ground movements together with river erosion at the toe and a change in the groundwater regime within the slope created the preconditions for landslide. Site investigations characterised the ground conditions and identified the active slip surface within the compound landslide terrain. The permanent remedial measures adopted proved to be of considerable practical interest involving a bored pile anchored wall with foundations socketed into a deep sandstone foundation stratum. The anchored wall was designed to safeguard the highway and it was anticipated that deloading the slope would reduce the capacity for further movement. The wall achieved the design objective but progressive downslope movements resumed about one year after construction. They continue spasmodically to the present time with rates approaching 9 mm per year both laterally and vertically and although they affect the neighbouring areas, the highway corridor remains intact. The response of load cells attached to the ground anchors reveal two unusual patterns of increasing loads. At the eastern end of the wall, moderate load gains clearly relate to landsliding with reactivation along the existing slip surface and consequent removal of support to the wall as the ground progressively fails in a downslope direction. However, anomalous increases in loads recorded at the western end of the wall have proved more difficult to explain. They may be due either to a build up of water pressure behind the downhill portion of the wall or to localised weak ground conditions or swelling of degraded mudstones behind the wall. Monitoring of the load cells will continue in order to ensure the ongoing integrity of the highway.     

论工程抗震设防标准

本文论述了工程抗震设防标准在防震减灾工作中的重要作用和地位，总结分析了工程抗震设防标准工作的发展，现状和存在的问题，探讨了工程抗震设防标准工作的涵意和内容。作者认为设防标准工作应包括确定合理的设防原则，适当的设防目标，科学的设防环境，便于应用的设防参数，与社会经济条件相符合的设防水准和设防等级。     

论工程抗震设防标准

本文论述了工程抗震设防标准在防震减灾工作中的重要作用和地位，总结分析了工程抗震设防标准工作的发展、现状和存在的问题，探讨了工程抗震设防标准工作的涵意和内容，作者认为工程设防标准工作应包括确定合理的设防原则，适当的设防目标，科学的设防环境（地震）、便于应用的设防参数，与社会经济条件相符合的设防水准和设防等级，文中并对设防水准与等级的表述方式提出了具体的建议。从而为制定工程抗震设防标准工作建立起一个科     

地下工程岩体结构面的统计与应用研究

以煤矿岩体为例, 分析了大小规模结构面的相关性, 提出了地下工程岩体结构面产状的统计方法, 阐述了多组结构面并存于-岩体时迹线间距的统计与计算方法。并用这些统计参数来确定巷道危石的最大可动区域, 选择最佳轴线方向, 为巷道的支护设计提供了科学依据。