Bayesian estimates of marine radiocarbon reservoir effect in northern Iberia during the Early and Middle Holocene

Reconstructing the past variability of marine radiocarbon reservoir effects (MRE) is crucial for generating reliable chronologies for marine species and their consumers. We investigated the temporal MRE variability at the Early-to Mid-Holocene site of El Mazo (Asturias, northern Spain) by using a combination of new and previously published radiocarbon measurements on marine and terrestrial samples. The El Mazo site is characterized by overall well-defined archaeological layers of unknown occupation length with the predominant presence of two mollusc species (Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758 and topshell Phorcus lineatus [da Costa, 1778]) which were analysed for radiocarbon measurements. We employed the recently released IntCal20 calibration curve for the northern hemisphere and Bayesian modelling to reconstruct the site's chronology and temporal variability in MREs according to mollusc species. Obtained radiocarbon modelling results, although the estimate precision is not high, reveal a temporal variability in MREs that can be interpreted in view of known past climatic and environmental events such as the 8.2 ka event. The results also revealed differences in MREs according to mollusc species, which need to be taken into account in future chronological modelling. Overall, our results provide reference MRE values for the study of chronologies in northern Iberia during the Early-to Mid-Holocene. In this respect, a non-conservative ΔR reference for local marine samples dating earlier than c. 8.1 ka cal BP is −238 ± 28 ¹⁴C years.     

四川盆地中部侏罗系大安寨段含有机质泥质介壳灰岩储层的认识及其意义

四川盆地中部下侏罗统大安寨段可划分为三个亚段,主要由暗色泥页岩、结晶介壳灰岩、泥质介壳灰岩三种岩性构成。暗色泥页岩形成于深湖—半深湖相环境,是主要的烃源岩,滨浅湖高能滩相结晶介壳灰岩一向被认为是主要储层,其储集空间以裂缝为主。露头地质调查、岩心和薄片观察、物性资料及试油资料的分析表明,浅湖—半深湖较低能滩相含有机质泥质介壳灰岩是主要的储集层和产层,单层厚度薄,但累积厚度较大,分布面积广,常夹于暗色泥页岩中,源储一体,更有利于成藏。这类泥质介壳灰岩的壳间孔构成了主要的储集空间,壳间孔平行于壳体的长轴方向排列,并常见黑色有机质充填。认为四川盆地大安寨段的油气勘探方向可由结晶介壳灰岩向含有机质的泥质介壳灰岩拓展,浅湖—半深湖较低能滩沉积相带可成为新的勘探领域。初步预测大安寨段上部的一亚段新增有利勘探面积6 100 km2,中部的一三亚段新增有利勘探面积6 600 km2。     

Optically stimulated luminescence age of the Old Cedar midden, St. Joseph Peninsula State Park, Florida

We report optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results from the Old Cedar midden in St. Joseph Peninsula State Park, located between the Gulf of Mexico and St. Joseph Bay near Port St. Joe, FL, USA. The Old Cedar site (8GU85) is located on top of a relict beach ridge which is actively eroding into St. Joseph Bay. Old Cedar is noted for its conch shell tool assemblage, otherwise rare at northwest Florida archaeological sites, and is believed to have been utilized during the Late Woodland Weeden Island and possibly the Fort Walton periods [Benchley, E.D., Bense, J.A., 2001. Archaeology and history of St. Joseph Peninsula State Park: Phase I investigations. Report of Investigations, No. 89, University of West Florida Archaeology Institute]. After removing surficial erosion deposits, we extracted OSL core samples from both the midden layer and the underlying beach ridge. The resulting OSL age is compared with the age of another beach ridge on St. Joseph Peninsula. We hope that this study will aid in the investigation and conservation of Old Cedar specifically and other Weeden Island sites in the St. Joseph Bay area.     

Bivalves as indicators of environmental variation and potential anthropogenic impacts in the southern Barents Sea

Identifying patterns and drivers of natural variability in populations is necessary to gauge potential effects of climatic change and the expected increases in commercial activities in the Arctic on communities and ecosystems. We analyzed growth rates and shell geochemistry of the circumpolar Greenland smooth cockle, Serripes groenlandicus, from the southern Barents Sea over almost 70 years between 1882 and 1968. The datasets were calibrated via annually-deposited growth lines, and growth, stable isotope (δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C), and trace elemental (Mg, Sr, Ba, Mn) patterns were linked to environmental variations on weekly to decadal scales. Standardized growth indices revealed an oscillatory growth pattern with a multi-year periodicity, which was inversely related to the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO), and positively related to local river discharge. Up to 60% of the annual variability in Ba/Ca could be explained by variations in river discharge at the site closest to the rivers, but the relationship disappeared at a more distant location. Patterns of δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C, and Sr/Ca together provide evidence that bivalve growth ceases at elevated temperatures during the fall and recommences at the coldest temperatures in the early spring, with the implication that food, rather than temperature, is the primary driver of bivalve growth. The multi-proxy approach of combining the annually integrated information from the growth results and higher resolution geochemical results yielded a robust interpretation of biophysical coupling in the region over temporal and spatial scales. We thus demonstrate that sclerochronological proxies can be useful retrospective analytical tools for establishing a baseline of ecosystem variability in assessing potential combined impacts of climatic change and increasing commercial activities on Arctic communities.     

华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis)壳色遗传规律的研究

采用双列杂交方法对华贵栉孔扇贝三种壳色(桔黄色、枣褐色、紫褐色)的遗传规律进行了研究。结果显示,桔黄色♂×枣褐色♀和桔黄色♂×紫褐色♀的子代均全部表现为桔黄色,桔黄色♀×枣褐色♂和桔黄色♀×紫褐色♂的子代壳色比例分别为桔黄色:枣褐色=1:1和桔黄色:紫褐色=3:1,表明桔黄色对枣褐色和紫褐色均为显性,且不存在母性遗传;在桔黄色♂×桔黄色♀的两个家系中,一个家系的子代全部表现为桔黄色,另一个家系的子代中桔黄色:枣褐色约为3:1,表明第1家系有一个亲本为显性纯合,第2家系2个亲本均为杂合;在枣褐色♂×枣褐色♀和紫褐色♂×紫褐色♀两个家系中,其子代分别全部表现为其亲本的颜色,表明枣褐色和紫褐色个体均为隐性纯合体。实验所设各家系子代壳色均表现出了与亲本相同的颜色,表明华贵栉孔扇贝的壳色属质量性状,能够稳定遗传,并非由环境决定,对华贵栉孔扇贝壳色的选育有效。     

Food utilization of shell-attached algae contributes to the growth of host mud snail,Bellamya chinensis: Evidence from fatty acid biomarkers and carbon stable isotope analysis

Dense algal growth on shells of the freshwater mud snail species, Bellamya chinensis, is commonly found. In rice paddy fields of Northeastern Japan, fatty acid biomarkers and carbon stable isotope composition were analyzed to test whether B. chinensis grazes on shell-attached algae. The carbon stable isotope ratio of B. chinensis was positively related to that of shell-attached algae. B. chinensis also assimilated substantial amounts of omega-6 fatty acids, which were abundant in shell-attached algae. Furthermore, the effect of assimilating shell-attached algae on B. chinensis growth was examined in a field experiment. Individuals feeding on shell-attached algae exhibited faster shell growth than those with no access to shell-attached algae of other individuals. Our results demonstrate that B. chinensis growth is enhanced by algal fouling on their own shells, which provides them with a nutritious food source, although very few studies have documented benefits conferred to an organism that hosts an epibiotic species.     

Shell repair and drilling in some gastropods from the Ripley Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of the south-eastern U.S.A.

Breakage-induced shell repair and drilling were studied in 548 shells belonging to 24 species of gastropod from the Ripley Formation (latest Campanian-Maastrichtian) of the south-eastern U.S.A. Frequencies of repair are high even by Recent standards. These is no relationship between the frequency of shell repair and shell architecture. Repair increases in frequency with increasing shell length. Drilling, which is less common in Ripley gastropods than in most warm-water Tertiary species, decreases in frequency with increasing shell length.     

基于价值链理论的海湾扇贝价值增值研究

以迈克尔?波特的价值链理论为基础,结合海湾扇贝的特点,对海湾扇贝产业中价值增值的关键节点进行实证研究。研究发现,从价值构成结构看,资金、技术、劳动、管理等在各环节中对增值的作用也有较大差异。在育苗阶段,技术的作用非常明显;在养殖阶段,自然环境和劳动付出成为价值提升的关键所在;在加工阶段,资金、技术、劳动、管理等共同提升了价值;在销售阶段,推动价值提升更表现在"软实力"上。     

Shell bone histology of the pan-carettochelyid turtle Kizylkumemys schultzi from the Upper Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and shell bone morphology transformations in the evolution of pan-trionychian turtles

This paper presents histological data on the shell bones of different size (age) individuals of the basal pan-carettochelyid Kizylkumemys schultzi from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Usbekistan. Ontogenetic changes in the shell bone histology of Kizylkumemys schultzi correspond to those characteristic of other turtles. Comparison of the shell bone histology of Kizylkumemys schultzi with those of other pan-carettochelyids show similar histological structures, suggesting that this group is very conservative in the shell bone histology, which did not change significantly since the Cretaceous. Kizylkumemys schultzi and other pan-carettochelyids share prominent shell sculpture with all other pan-trionychians; shell sculpture of large pits and grooves and network of vertical and subvertical canals in the external cortex, with nanhsiungchelyids and pan-trionychids; reduced or absent scute sulci and lost or loose contact between peripherals and costals, with pan-trionychids; and loss of rib thickenings of costals, with adocids. According to new data, Kappachelys okurai from the Hauterivian-Barremian of Japan, previously considered as a pan-trionychid or pan-carettochelyid, could be either a pan-trionychian (sister taxon to Trionychia) or a pan-carettochelyid.     

沼蜷属螺一新种记述(腹足纲: 黑贝科)

探讨并殖吸虫螺类宿主自然资源。发现采自福建北部的沼蜷属螺Paludomus一新种,命名为闽北沼蜷。参照《医学贝类学》和相关文献进行形态描述。正模(FJ6135)壳高18.15 mm,壳宽13.46 mm,壳口高14.05 mm,壳口宽8.04 mm。产地武夷山九曲溪。螺层5层,顶层及原壳层多缺失,螺面呈绿褐色,各螺层宽度上向体螺层增长迅速,体螺层大而膨胀,其高度上约占全部高度的4/5。齿舌中央齿呈尖峰状,中部支齿大而突出。内缘齿单支而宽大,两侧缘各有3或5枚不甚突出小齿,分布不对称,排列公式:3-1-3,3-1-5(3),7,5。本新种可与黔沼蜷(P.quianensis Liu et al,1994)、带沼蜷(P.cinctus Liu et al,1994)比较鉴别。