基于CloudSat卫星资料的新疆三大山区不同类型云高特征研究

作为空中水资源的重要组成部分,云在地球水循环过程和气候系统中扮演着重要角色,不同高度的云因其物理特性和动力过程的不同而对人工增水作业具有不同的指示意义. 采用2007年1月至2008年12月的美国宇航局（NASA）云卫星（CloudSat） 2B-CLDCLASS资料,从不同类型云的高度分布特征分析了新疆阿尔泰山、天山和昆仑山区的云水资源情况.结果表明：各个季节三大山区高层云所占比例均较大,在20%以上,其中,天山山区和昆仑山区雨层云所占比例也较大,在15%以上. 三大山区不同云的云顶和云底高度年变化趋势基本一致,昆仑山区各类型云的平均云顶和云底的高度最大,阿尔泰山区的最低.     

劈裂砂岩有、无砂粒填充条件下的多因素对渗流量影响对比分析

采用宜昌劈裂砂岩,在有、无砂岩填充条件下,分别从轴压、围压、劈裂面面积、凹凸高差、迹线长度、劈裂面2D投影面积、进出口长度、结构面粗糙度对渗流量的影响规律进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：有、无砂粒填充下轴压与渗流量均呈线性递增关系;无填充时围压与渗流量呈对数递减关系,有充填时围压与渗流量呈线性关系;无充填时渗流量与流面积呈三次函数关系,而充填后过流面积对渗流量几乎无影响;凹凸高差、2D面积与渗流量的关系也有相似规律,分析认为,这主要是砂粒充填后带来的过流通道要远大于上述三因素对过流通道的改变;无充填时,渗流量随迹线长度线性递减,有填充时该规律被淹没;无论有、无填充,渗流量与过流面粗糙度系数在一定范围内均呈现二次函数关系。这些规律能指导渗流测量时各因素的优先次序,可有效减少对次要影响因素的测量工作,同时可对渗流的数值模拟提供参考。     

1985国家高程基准与全球似大地水准面之间的系统差及其分布规律

将由大地高和正常高导出的几何高程异常与由位系数模型计算得到的物理高程异常进行比较,求出1985国家高程基准与全球似大地水准面之间的系统差,并分析其分布特性.为抵制异常值的影响,引入"抗差等价权".利用分布全国大陆范围的GPS网949个点的GPS/水准数据和地球重力场模型EGM96、DQM99A,求出1985国家高程基准点与WGS84定义的似大地水准面之间有35.7 cm的垂直偏差,1985国家高程基准面的系统差自东向西、自南向北明显增大,给出相应的数学模型.     

基于模糊集合理论的GPS高程多面函数拟合模型平滑因子优选

建立GPS高程多面函数拟合模型,其平滑因子是否合适,对GPS水准高程测量精度将产生重要影响.基于模糊集合理论,提出平滑因子的优选方法,实例分析表明,该方法具有较好的实用价值.     

1989年3月特强磁暴期间的电离层暴

用欧亚大陆地面电离层垂测站资料考察1989年3月12～16日磁暴期间的电离层暴形态及其发展变化. 特强磁暴引发的电离层暴是全球性的,但自磁层沉降的高能粒子对热层低部的加热程度及区域分布不同,因而各经度链区域内电离层暴的特征也有所差异. 本文研究表明,与理论推断对照,欧洲地区内F2层最大电子密度NmaxF2(或f0F2)并不出现正暴现象,而负暴自高纬向低纬的发展则与典型的热层环流结果相符. 此外,此磁暴过程期间在中低纬区存在明显的波动过程. 在亚洲高纬地区,磁暴初期13日有约10 h的正暴,而负暴过程则与欧洲地区类似,但不太清晰;且无波动现象. 磁暴期间,同一经度链的中低纬地区,夜间常发生多站同时的h′F突增. 本文再次证实这是一般磁暴期间常出现的普遍现象.     

Numerical simulation of solitary and randomwave propagation through vegetation based on VOFmethod

A vertical two-dimensional numerical model has been applied to solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier- Stokes （RANS} equations in the simulation of current and wave propagation through vegetated and non- vegetated waters. The k-e model is used for turbulence closure of RANS equations. The effect of vegeta- tion is simulated by adding the drag force of vegetation in the flow momentum equations and turbulence model. To solve the modified N-S equations, the finite difference method is used with the staggered grid system to solver equations. The Youngs＇ fractional volume of fluid （VOF） is applied tracking the free sur- face with second-order accuracy. The model has been tested by simulating dam break wave, pure current with vegetation, solitary wave runup on vegetated and non-vegetated channel, regular and random waves over a vegetated field. The model reasonably well reproduces these experimental observations, the model- ing approach presented herein should be useful in simulating nearshore processes in coastal domains with vegetation effects.     

Long-Term Validation of Wave Height Measurements from Altimeters

Since July 1991, six altimeter missions have been launched successfully, and they have provided almost continuous wave height measurements for more than 12 years. Long-term series of wave height measurements are of major interest for climatology and oceanic wave modeling. Before using such data, the measurements have to be validated, and the homogeneity of the data from various satellites has to be checked. Significant wave height measurements from ERS, TOPEX/Poseidon, GEOSAT Follow-on, Jason-1 and ENVISAT altimeters are validated using cross-altimeter and buoy comparisons. Emphasis is put on the two recent missions Jason-1 and ENVISAT. Corrections for biases and trends are proposed for the six altimeters, allowing the generation of consistent and homogeneous data. Tests of these corrections are performed over global ocean simple statistics.     

Altimeter Signal-to-Noise for Deep Ocean Processes in Operational Systems

The ocean signal for this study is the sea surface height due to the slowly varying (greater than 5-day) ocean processes, which are predominantly the deep ocean mesoscale. These processes are the focus of present assimilation systems for monitoring and predicting ocean circulation due to ocean fronts and eddies and the associated environmental changes that impact real time activities in areas with depths greater than about 200 m. By this definition, signal-to-noise may be estimated directly from altimeter data sets through a crossover point analysis. The RMS variability in crossover differences is due to instrument noise, errors in environmental corrections to the satellite observation, and short time period oceanic variations. The signal-to-noise ratio indicates that shallow areas are typically not well observed due to the high frequency fluctuations. Many deep ocean areas also contain significant high frequency variability such as the subpolar latitudes, which have large atmospheric pressure systems moving through, and these in turn generate large errors in the inverse barometer correction. Understanding the spatial variations of signal to noise is a necessary prerequisite for correct assimilation of the data into operational systems.     

Implementation of Tidal Constituent Interpolation Method for the Israeli Coastline

Many ship-borne geodetic surveys at sea, such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based sea surface height (SSH) observation, acoustic profiling of the bottom, and others, deal with a dynamic topography which undergoes several changes during the survey campaign (e.g., changes in tide, salinity and currents). Those changes affect the measurements and may causes for some variations in the results. There are several methods for tidal variations correction, being the most dominant phenomena, such as tidal zoning, tidal constituent interpolation or ocean tidal models. In this study, we have implemented the tidal constituent interpolation method for the Israeli coastline in order to assess its quality and determine whether it is suitable for use in this particular region. This paper depicts the interpolation method, discusses some difficulties in the implementation for the Israeli coast and presents results from exemplary processing. In addition, we compare the results to those obtained using global and regional tidal models.     

Simultaneous Ocean Wave Measurements by the Jason and Topex Satellites,with Buoy and Model Comparisons Special Issue: Jason-1 Calibration/Validation

The verification phase of the Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission presents a unique opportunity for comparing near-simultaneous, independent satellite measurements. Here we examine simultaneous significant wave height measurements by the Jason-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon altimeters. These data are also compared with in situ measurements from deep-ocean buoys and with predicted wave heights from the Wave Watch III operational model. The rms difference between Jason and TOPEX wave heights is 28 cm, and this can be lowered by half through improved outlier editing and filtering of high-frequency noise. Noise is slightly larger in the Jason dataset, exceeding TOPEX by about 7 cm rms at frequencies above 0.05 Hz, which is the frequency at which the coherence between TOPEX and Jason measurements drops to zero. Jason wave heights are more prone to outliers, especially during periods of moderate to high backscatter. Buoy comparisons confirm previous reports that TOPEX wave heights are roughly 5% smaller than buoy measurements for waves between 2 and 5 m; Jason heights in general are 3% smaller than TOPEX. Spurious dips in the TOPEX density function for 3- and 6-m waves, a problem that has existed since the beginning of the mission, can be solved by waveform retracking.