中国城市群空气质量时空演化及收敛趋势

选取2015—2020年全国城市空气质量实时监测数据,运用Dagum基尼系数、变异系数和收敛模型等方法,定量考察城市群空气质量差异及其来源和收敛机制。结果显示：① 2015年以来,中国20个城市群空气质量均未表现出逐年改善的理想趋势,绝大多数城市群空气质量在波动反复中趋于改善,且O₃开始取代PM_2.5成为部分城市群最主要的首要污染物。② 中国城市群空气质量“南优北劣”的空间分异特征明显,但考察期内空间差异有所缩小,且群间差异远大于群内差异。③ 中国城市群空气质量不仅存在σ收敛趋势,而且存在绝对和条件β收敛趋势,无论是否考虑除初始值以外的其他异质性影响因素,城市群地区各城市空气质量都朝着稳态水平变化发展。     

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??2011~2013??7?μ?3??????GPS???1????????д???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????GPS?????????????????????????1???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Σ??????????2?????-崲?????????????????????????Σ?2013-07-22??????????????Ms6.6????3????2008??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1~3 mm/a??     

黑龙江哈尔滨地下输水管道突然破裂对地铁隧道的影响

城市地下管线的开裂导致水油气等的泄露通常会对周围环境产生重要影响,由于其隐蔽性,问题发现滞后,导致预测起来相对困难。同时,突发的管线破裂渗漏会导致地质环境的改变,从而影响基础结构的力学特性,对工程安全构成直接威胁。目前,突发流量大小对地铁隧道的影响程度还没有准确定论。本文以哈尔滨地铁建设为依托,研究了精确寻找管线破裂而产生的水流源的方法,并根据现场实测数据分析地下输水管线的破裂造成水流对地表沉降、隧道拱顶沉降、净空收敛的影响。     

在线精密单点定位性能分析

对在线精密单点定位技术进行测试,分析了它的动态、静态定位精度和收敛速度,以及多系统卫星观测对这两者的影响。结果表明,在线PPP静态定位单天解的精度在水平方向可达mm级,高程方向可达mm~cm级,可在10~20 min内收敛;静态数据模拟动态解算的精度水平方向为2~3 cm,高程方向为4~5 cm,而实际动态数据的解算精度略低于此精度。GPS/GLONASS组合系统能加快定位收敛速度,尤其在GPS系统观测条件较差的情况下,能够同时显著提高收敛速度和定位精度。     

基于PCI_GXL系统解决弱交会条件下卫星影像纠正方法的研究

介绍了在弱交会条件下利用PCI_GXL系统实现稀少控制点区域卫星影像的几何纠正方法。阐述了基本操作流程以及每个步骤的注意事项,突显出PCI_GXL系统的高效等特点,并对纠正后影像做出精度检测并给出分析评价。对多源数据的处理能力给影像数据生产带来了新的动力。     

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?????й??????????????1992~2005??382??GPS???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????仯?????????????????????????????????С?????з?α仯??????:???????72??E??77??E???????????20??1 mm/a?????????77 ??E??82??E???????????12??1 mm/a?????????82??E??92??E?????????????5 mm/a????????????????????????????12 mm/a?????????????????????????????????????82??E???????????????????λ??????????????????Σ????????????????????????????????????????82??E???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????α??????????????????????????????????Щ?α???????????????????????????С?????????????????????仯????????????????????????????к?????????????????????????????????????????????????Ρ????????????????????????????????????????????????β???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????75??E?????????伷??????17 mm/a???????????????????????????????????75??E???????????????????ε?????????????????????????????     

Bacterial abundance and production in different water masses around South Island,New Zealand

Abstract

Bacterial numbers and production were measured in the upper water column in the winter and spring of 1993 in five water masses surrounding the South Island of New Zealand. Average bacterial numbers and production were found to be higher in spring (8.5 × 10⁵ cells ml^?1 and 0.20 mg m³ h^?1, respectively) than winter (5.5 × 10⁵ cells ml^?1 and 0.05 mg C m³ h^?1 respectively). Bacterial production was strongly correlated with chlorophyll a and primary production (P < 0.001) in spring but not in winter. Spring bacterial production and at 10 m depth averaged across 28 stations was 23% of primary production, and with a growth efficency of 40%, may have consumed up to 57% of primary production. Bacterial biomass was greater than phytoplankton biomass for 75% of the 10 m depth comparisons during winter sampling and 44% during the spring sampling. The bacterial biomass was found to represent 24.6–33.5% of the nitrogen in particulate organic matter (<200 μm) supporting the concept that in New Zealand oceanic water masses bacteria are of significant biogeochemical importance.     

随机搜索算法在确定河流水质参数中的应用

将两种随机搜索算法应用于识别瞬时投放示踪剂、一维流动的条件下的河流水质数学模型参数.分别编写了原始随机搜索和受控随机搜索两种算法的运算程序,采用不同待估水质参数的初始输入值进行了数值实验.结果表明:①两种搜索方式均可成功地应用于河流水质数学模型的参数识别问题;②待估参数的初始值输入范围对算法的收敛性几乎没有影响;③控制搜索方向对随机搜索速度有一定的改进,但改进作用并不明显.与其它算法相比,随机搜索算法具有原理非常简单、易于编程运算、搜索速度和搜索结果与参数初始输入值范围基本无关且基本不需要预先给定算法控制参数等优点.     

New Mesozoic Mesopsychidae(Mecoptera)from Northeastern China

<正>The Mesozoic family Mesopsychidae Tillyard,1917 presently consists of seven described genera and 13 species from the mid-Triassic to the Early Cretaceous of Australia,South Africa and Eurasia.In the present paper one new genus and three new species of fossil mesopsychids are described that add significant distributional and stratigraphic extensions to the family.This finding documents the first formal record of fossil Mesopsychidae in China.Both Lichnomesopsyche gloriae gen.et sp.nov.and L.daohugouensis gen.et sp.nov. were found from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia,whereas Vitimopsyche kozlovi sp. nov.,of mid Early Cretaceous age,was collected from the Jehol Biota of northern Hebei Province.This new,well-preserved material from China reveals complete and previously unknown body features,including head, antennae,mouthparts,legs and abdomen.The delicate and long proboscides of these new taxa indicate that they were feeding on externally exposed,nutrient-rich fluids of gymnospermous ovulate fructifications,and incapable of piercing surface epidermis-attributable principally to the absence of stylets.These proboscides originated, perhaps multiply,among basal Mecoptera and are functionally and structurally convergent with equivalent mouthparts borne by fossil and extant Diptera,Lepidoptera,Neuroptera and Coleoptera.     

三种多系统开源PPP软件性能比较与分析

为对比PPPH、MG-APP、GAMP三种多系统开源PPP软件的特性,选取6个MGEX测站的观测数据,使用3个PPP软件进行GPS单系统和GRCE多系统精密单点定位解算,分析对比其解算的定位精度、收敛时间和对流层延迟。结果表明,3个软件解算的GRCE多系统的定位精度和收敛时间相比于GPS单系统均有所改善,MG-APP和GAMP解算的定位精度相当而PPPH略差,MG-APP相比于PPPH和GAMP收敛时间更短。3个软件解算的GPS和GRCE静态精密单点定位在平面上优于1 cm,高程上优于2 cm;GPS动态精密单点定位在平面上优于2 cm,高程上优于5 cm;GRCE动态精密单点定位在平面上优于2 cm,高程上优于3 cm。3个软件解算的ZTD与IGS发布的ZTD具有很高的一致性,均能满足ZTD精度要求,GAMP相比于PPPH和MG-APP解算的ZTD稳定性略高。