A shrinking particle—shrinking core model for leaching of a zinc ore containing silica

A new mathematical model was developed for leaching of zinc ores containing silicates such as hemimorphite which produce a gel during leaching with sulfuric acid. This model is based on the shrinking core model in which the particle size and the reacting core shrink simultaneously. It was shown that the actual dissolution time of the ore particles is longer than the time corresponding to the dissolution of chemical zinc oxide itself. It was suggested that because of the existence of silicates in the ore, a gelatinous layer was formed around the reacting core. Since the gel product is soft, it breaks apart when the particles collide and as a result, the particles shrink. However, a thin gelatinous layer always covers the reacting core which increases the mass transfer resistance and increases the leaching time. This model was applied to leaching of a zinc-rich tailing containing hemimorphite and the thickness of the gelatinous layer as well as the diffusion coefficient in this layer was determined.     

Analysis of resistivity data obtained from cone penetrometer in contaminated soil layers

In horizontally layered soils of different electrical properties, electrical potential distribution becomes complex and the obtained resistivity data may be limited in reflecting the actual soil profile. Thus the objective of this study was to identify the factors that affect resistivity measurement on the cone penetrometer and further investigate the sensitivity of measured resistivity to different types and concentrations of contaminants at the subsurface level. First, a theoretical resistivity equation was derived to provide a means of computing the geometric factor. The effective volume of measurement on the cone penetrometer was investigated and laboratory soil box tests verified the dominance of partially high resistivity regions within the effective volume of measurement over the apparent resistivity. Such effect was found to lead to possible discrepancies between the recorded resistivity data and the actual depth of measurement. Measurements on contaminated soil layers indicated that resistivity cones are efffective in delineating inorganic contaminants in soils of high water contents, and detecting NAPLs floating above the groundwater table provided that soils adjacent to the plume are not dry of water. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Experimental Study on Mine Spoils During Superficial Geochemistry Processes

Based on the mineral and chemical compositions of spoils taken from the Shilu Cu-Mo deposit and Hetai gold deposit, the leaching and batch experiments were made on spoils taken from these two deposits using the leaching column designed by the authors. The experimental results showed that it is not always true that the mine drainage is acidic. Its acidity depends on acid-buffering capacity of gangue, host rock and its alteration mineral assemblage. The composition of the drainage water is related with the interaction between superficial or underground water and solid materials in the spoils, including minerals, hydroxides and amorphous substances. The leaching extent of the element is related with its occurrence form in the deposit. The preferential flow results in leaching-out of heavy metals in large amounts. So it is important to prevent the generating of preferential flow in the system. The results will provide very important grounds for the comprehensive management of land and ecological rehabilitation of the mine site.     

Contamination,bioaccessibility and human health risk of heavy metals in exposed-lawn soils from 28 urban parks in southern China's largest city,Guangzhou

The total concentrations and oral bioaccessibility of heavy metals in surface-exposed lawn soils from 28 urban parks in Guangzhou were investigated, and the health risks posed to humans were evaluated. The descending order of total heavy metal concentrations was Fe > Mn > Pb > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd, but Cd showed the highest percentage bioaccessibility (75.96%). Principal component analysis showed that Grouped Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn, and grouped Cr and Mn could be controlled two different types of human sources. Whereas, Ni and Fe were controlled by both anthropogenic and natural sources. The carcinogenic risk probabilities for Pb and Cr to children and adults were under the acceptable level (<1 × 10⁻⁴). Hazard Quotient value for each metal and Hazard Index values for all metals studied indicated no significant risk of non-carcinogenic effects to children and adults in Guangzhou urban park soils.     

土壤酸化研究进展

环境酸化是全球变化中的一个重要内容，土壤酸化是环境酸化的一个重要方面。综述了土壤酸化研究的进展，主要有土壤酸化的概念、表示方法、研究方法、土壤酸化敏感性、土壤酸化与元素淋失的关系等方面。最后提出了进一步研究的方向     

波浪及波流边界层泥沙起动规律

基于波浪边界层理论及单向流泥沙起动Shields曲线,推证出波浪泥沙起动Shields曲线;基于波流边界层理论,提出表述波流边界层动力特征的波流比因子X及非线性作用因子Y,并建立了Y与X的相关关系;在此基础之上,结合单向流及波浪泥沙起动Shields曲线,推证出波流共同作用下泥沙起动Shields曲线。结果表明:波浪泥沙起动Shields曲线在层流区与单向流光滑紊流区曲线保持一致,粗糙紊流区与单向流粗糙紊流区曲线保持一致,过渡区线型为折线,由层流区及粗糙紊流区曲线延长交汇获得;X及Y能够合理地表征波流边界层动力对比特征及非线性作用特征;波流泥沙起动Shields曲线介于波浪及单向流泥沙起动Shields曲线之间,随着波流比因子X的不同,依据非线性作用因子Y,自动在波浪及单向流泥沙起动Shields曲线之间非线性过渡。建立的波流泥沙起动Shields曲线与试验结果吻合较好,且能够概括单向流、波浪及波流等不同动力及细沙、粗沙等不同粒径的泥沙起动条件。     

柴达木盆地深层钾盐察ZK02孔施工工艺

柴达木盆地察汗斯拉图矿区蕴藏着极为丰富的钾盐类矿产资源。钾盐察ZK02孔设计1500 m,钻遇地层为新近系盐湖相沉积地层。在钻进过程中易产生缩径、造浆、掉块、坍塌等现象,钻遇盐岩层或含钙、镁离子盐水入侵时,钻井液性能易发生变化,给钻探施工带了困难。根据盐矿钻孔地质条件和技术要求,设计3级口径的钻孔结构。在施工中,针对巨厚层砂砾碎屑岩的特点,选择加重卤水钻井液护壁,起到了安全护壁效果,并采用研制的卤水钻井液混合搅拌器,提高了配浆速度,保证了钻井液性能和质量。卤水钻井液和卤水钻井液混合搅拌器的使用,为柴达木盆地深层卤水钾盐矿区的钻探施工探索出了快速配制钻井液提供了借鉴。     

恒定渗流作用下泥石流起动过程冲刷试验分析

渗流是泥石流水动力条件主要来源之一,不同渗流流量具有不同的渗流力和冲刷力,从而可引起不同规模泥石流。通过开展室内水槽试验,利用测压管量测渗流过程中的孔隙水压力,并结合高清摄像技术从微观角度记录堆积土体内部细颗粒的运移、骨架颗粒的坍塌现象,以此分析研究土体渗透破坏、起动形成泥石流过程中的渗流和冲刷作用。在此基础上设定水槽坡度为7°,调节恒定渗流流量分别为120、170、265、320 ml/s,分析不同恒定渗流流量对固体堆积物失稳、泥石流起动过程中流态变化的影响。分析结果表明,在恒定渗流流量作用下,堆积土体内部细颗粒迁移、骨架颗粒坍塌造成土体颗粒重排列、孔隙水压力上升进而导致土体抗力降低是泥石流土体颗粒失稳、起动、冲刷的重要原因;随着渗流流量增加,流速迅速上升,土体内孔隙水压力逐步增大,骨架颗粒的失稳、移动主要受渗流及水流冲刷两方面共同作用,堆积土体颗粒的移动分别表现出缓慢小幅滑动后稳定、过渡型滑动和快速流滑现象。     

天然地震数值模拟与实例对比

为了解决长时间正演模拟的不稳定性问题, 实现天然地震波场长时间数值模拟.在高阶有限差分数值模拟的基础上, 给出了多轴向完全匹配吸收边界(M-PML)二维划分方式, 讨论了M-PML吸收边界转换系数P的取值对其吸收能力与截断误差对数值模拟有效信号的影响.实现了二维弹性波高阶有限差分的长时间数值模拟.采用2013年12月16日湖北省巴东县地震及余震信息, 对该地震数据进行了数值模拟, 并与武汉、秭归两台站数据进行了分析和讨论, 验证该正演模拟方法的正确性和有效性.为天然地震波场传播规律、成像和震相识别及震源定位等研究提供了基础.      

石家庄地面水回渗地下过程的氮行为影响试验研究

石家庄是我国北方地下水位下降较大的城市之一,利用其毗邻滹沱河宽阔河滩,地面水可直接入渗补给地下水的有利水文地质条件,实施地面水回渗地下工程,将具有现实意义.为探索地面水回渗后的水质变化,该文针对地面水在回渗过程中对水质起限制性影响的氮行为作用进行了模拟试验研究.结果显示,利用2 m厚的滹沱河细砂土及与粘土按一定比例的混合砂土层,可对间歇式实施地面水回渗中的铵氮组分形成一定容量的截留去除,并且该截留量又在随回渗次数的增加而缓慢下降,当采用人工增加环境碱度及湿度的办法后可消除这种下降.同时,还显示对回渗水中硝酸氮的去除率不高,但若采用人工添加乙醇碳源和接种优势脱氮微生物菌种方法,硝酸氮的去除率将会得到较大提高.