Tangent Vectors of Isochron Rays and Velocity Rays Expressed in Global Cartesian Coordinates

This paper provides Cartesian expressions for tangent vectors of isochron rays and velocity rays previously derived in so-called isochron-orthonormal coordinates. The Cartesian expressions are simpler and easier to implement than the expressions in isochron-orthonormal coordinates. It is shown that the expressions in both coordinate systems are equivalent.     

Toward an Understanding of Biogenic-silica Dissolution in Seawater – An Initial Rate Approach Applied between 40 and 90 °C

Summary The kinetics of phytoplankton frustule dissolution has generally been studied as the appearance of silicic acid in a batch reactor. Unfortunately, this approach, though often illuminating, has not so far been successful because of the difficulty of parameterising the full reaction curve. This current study shows how the initial rate approach to chemical kinetics offers a way around this bottleneck, thereby allowing much chemical kinetics information about frustule dissolution to be collected. The technique is shown to be flexible and suited to short reaction times which facilitate detailed quantitative kinetics investigation, indeed, as would be expected in a solution phase, kinetics study. The technique is exemplified by a dissolution study of uncleaned frustules of Cyclotella crypticaat 40 °C and above. The frustules were found to yield the same dissolution rate after 5 weeks dark storage, at 4 °C. Meanwhile, log dissolution rate was found to vary linearly with pH, with gradient 0.38 ± 0.01 (r ²=0.990). Linearity was upheld even at pHs as high as 14. Finally, a robust Arrhenius plot was established between 40 and 90 °C yielding an activation energy for dissolution of 84 ± 3 kJ mol ⁻¹. Follow through with the Eyring equation yielded an activation enthalpy, ΔH ^‡, and an activation entropy, ΔS ^‡, of 81 and 85 J mol ⁻¹ K ⁻¹, respectively. The discussion brings salient aspects of existing knowledge about diatom frustule dissolution kinetics into the wider context of silicate mineral dissolution.     

洞室工程地震CT与VSP联合检测方法及应用实例

地震层析成像（CT）和垂直地震剖面（VSP）法一直作为两种完全分离的探测技术在勘探活动中运用,而洞室工程地震CT与VSP联合检测方法则是充分利用VSP和CT数据采集方式的兼容性,通过一体化观测系统参数设计和优化数据处理流程,将两种地震勘探手段融为一体而成为优化组合技术下的高分辨工程物探方法。方法实验结果表明,地震CT与VSP联合检测方法在近地表岩土工程勘查应用中几乎可以不增加野外工作费用,就能够同时获取地下洞室工程体施测区间内的地震CT数据和关于洞室轴向剖面方向的逆向VSP数据体。     

RETRIEVING ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE FROM NOAA-15 ATOVS MEASUREMENTS*

This paper describes briefly the sounding capabilities of TOVS/ATOVS onboard the NOAA polar-orbiting meteorological satellites,followed by a more detailed review of the retrieval schemes.The ICI physical retrieval scheme with some adaptations is implemented in our experiment.The analyses of the Chinese regional NWP model are utilized to create a rolling library of initial guess field.Retrieval results validated against both NWP analyses and radiosondes indicate good agreement between ICI retrievals and conventional observations.Preliminary result from the PC-ATOVS Windows display system of NSMC will also be shown.     

A comparative fuzzy logic approach to runoff coefficient and runoff estimation

In practice, rainfall–runoff relationships are achieved through a simply defined runoff coefficient concept that is widely used in many engineering hydrological designs in urban and rural areas. The simplicity of the method, with the sole requirement of runoff coefficient assessment, is the main attractiveness, in addition to its successful prediction of average runoff rates for a given rainfall record. Unfortunately, in the classical regression approach of the rainfall–runoff relationship, internal variabilities are not taken into consideration explicitly. The runoff coefficient is considered a constant value, and it is used without distinction of antecedent conditions for the calculation of runoff from the rainfall record. In this paper, various other uncertainty embedded versions of the runoff coefficient, and hence rainfall–runoff formulation, are presented in terms of statistics, probability, perturbation and, finally, fuzzy system modelling. It is concluded that the fuzzy logic approach yields the least relative error among the various alternative runoff calculation methods; therefore, it is recommended for use in future studies. The application of various alternatives is presented for two monthly rainfall‐runoff records around Istanbul, Turkey. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

朵云信息辅助卫星影像扫描区域的概略定位

利用卫星遥感影像中朵云与其阴影的成像差异以及扫描区域与成像时刻太阳方位角的关系,建立了3种云朵高度的计算公式。在此基础上,进一步提出了概略计算扫描区域坐标的方法。实验结果表明,该方法有效地解决了在缺乏传感器摆角的情况下对扫描区域的概略定位问题。根据推导的公式,利用物体与阴影在太阳赤纬角上的分量,还可以解决摄影时间不精确情况下的物体高度计算。该方式比用太阳高度角在时间上的敏感程度要小,因而降低了对时间的要求,尤其对单片航空摄影测量中物体高度计算更有利。     

层析反演静校正

表层模型层析反演是一种非线性模型反演技术,它利用地震初至波射线的走时和路径反演介质速度结构,不受地表及近地表结构纵横向变化的约束。根据正演初至时间与实际初至时间的误差,修正速度模型,经反复迭代,最终达到要求的误差精度。求取静校正时采用射线法计算炮点到检波点的旅行时,从而得到基准面校正量。     

Second-Order and Higher-Order Perturbations of Travel Time in Isotropic and Anisotropic Media

The partial derivatives of travel time with respect to model parameters are referred to as perturbations. Explicit equations for the second-order and higher-order perturbations of travel time in both isotropic and anisotropic media are derived. The perturbations of travel time and its spatial derivatives can be calculated by simple numerical quadratures along rays.