Spatial interaction: a statistical mechanism model

1 IntroductionSpatial interaction is an important problem in modern geography. A. Wilson (1970) has deduced the mathematical formulation of spatial interaction from the principle of maximum entropy; but the mechanism is not clear. In the past 10 years the basis of the model of maximum entropy is challenged, since one considers geographical system as an open system. In an open system, it is meanless for the entropy of the system to reach maximum. The basic aspect of this paper, which is based …     

DIFFUSION MODELLING IN GARNET FROM TSO MORARI ECLOGITE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR EXHUMATION MODELS

DIFFUSION MODELLING IN GARNET FROM TSO MORARI ECLOGITE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR EXHUMATION MODELS1　ChakrabortyS ,GangulyJ.ContribMineralPetrol,1992 ,111:74～ 86 . 2　ChemendaAI ,BurgJ P ,MattauerM .EarthPlanetSciLett ,2 0 0 0 ,174:397～ 40 9. 3　ChemendaAI ,MattauerM ,MalavieilleJ ,etal.EarthPlanetSciLett ,1995 ,132 :2 2 5～ 2 32 . 4　GirardM ,BussyF .TerraNostra ,1999,99/ 2 ,5 7～ 5 8. 5　GuillotS ,SigoyerdeJ ,LardeauxJM ,etal.Contr…     

Application of Hausdorff fractal derivative to the determination of the vertical sediment concentration distribution

The Rouse formula and its variants have been widely used to calculate the steady-state vertical concentration distribution for suspended sediment in steady sediment-laden flows, where the diffusive flux is assumed to be Fickian. Turbulent flow, however, exhibits fractal properties, leading to non-Fickian diffusive flux for sediment particles. To characterize non-Fickian dynamics of suspended sediment, the current study proposes a Hausdorff fractal derivative based advection-dispersion equation(H...     

太湖、琵琶湖中水平扩散系数的探讨

根据１９９２年和１９９３年在太湖和日本琵琶湖观测到的长序列湖流资料,依据Ｔａｙｌｏｒ扩散理论计算了太湖和琵琶湖中的水平扩散系数,计算结果与通过浓度扩散方程计算基本一致。     

Changes in water table level influence solute transport in uniform porous media

Changes in the water table level result in variable water saturation and variable hydrological fluxes at the interface between the unsaturated and saturated zone. This may influence the transport and fate of contaminants in the subsurface. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of a decreasing and an increasing water table on solute transport. We conducted tracer experiments at downward flow conditions in laboratory columns filled with two different uniform porous media under static and transient flow conditions either increasing or decreasing the water table. Tracer breakthrough curves were simulated using a mobile–immobile transport model. The resulting transport parameters were compared to identify dominant transport processes. Changes in the water table level affected dispersivities and mobile water fractions depending on the direction of water table movement and the grain size of the porous media. In fine glass beads, the water flow velocity was similar to the decline rate of the water table, and the mobile water fraction was decreased compared with steady‐state saturated conditions. However, immobile water was negligible. In coarse glass beads, water flow was faster because of fingered flow in the unsaturated part, and the mobile water fraction was smaller than in the fine material. Here, a rising water table led to an even smaller mobile water fraction and increased solute spreading because of diffusive interaction with immobile water. We conclude that changes of the water table need to be considered to correctly simulate transport in the subsurface at the transition of the unsaturated–saturated zone. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

苏北近海水动力场及污水稀释扩散的模拟

针对苏北辐射沙洲海域,通过数值计算,模拟了其水动力场;并利用实测数据对模拟结果进行了验证,分别就大、小潮情况下的流速、潮位及潮流变化特征进行了分析研究.在潮流场基础上结合苏北辐射沙洲附近海域污水排放情况进一步模拟了陆源排放污水的稀释扩散场,分别就两种典型污水排放量下污染物的稀释扩散范围及污水扩散场作了比较分析.结果表明,正交曲线网格能较好地拟合岸线,利用ADI法离散求解正交曲线坐标系下的控制方程,能够有效地对苏北辐射沙洲水动力场进行模拟;受太平洋前进潮波与黄海驻潮波的影响,苏北辐射沙洲岸外南向近岸流和长江冲淡水入海后形成的北上近岸流在弶港交汇,其水动力场以弶港为中心辐聚辐散,形成向外逸散的放射状150°扇面;涨潮平均流速略大于落潮平均流速,落潮流历时略大于涨潮流历时,形成辐射状定向往复流.利用水动力场基础上建立的污染物输运模型模拟污水的稀释、扩散场等值线分布,并计算污染物的稀释情况.在规划的3 000 m3/h污水排放量下,涨潮阶段,排污口A附近污水沿大丰港附近的深槽稀释扩散,排污口C附近污水自N、NE、E和SE方向扩散,污水稀释度等值线向外海有一定的扩展,但相对不明显;落潮阶段,在苏北南向近岸流和长江冲淡水入海后形成的北上近岸流作用下,包络线向北及向东突起,污水稀释度等值线在落潮过程中达到最大.在规划的5 400 m3/h污水排放量下,排污口附近的稀释度等值线范围明显增大,其中排污口A和B附近稀释度等值线相互包络,落憩时刻污水稀释包络范围达到最大.在小潮过程,污水稀释扩散情况和大潮的潮周期过程较为相似,由于潮流较弱,稀释度范围相对小于大潮情况,各阶段的污水扩散范围变化较大潮时小.苏北近海海域内潮汐强、潮差大,潮间带广阔,排污口附近海域的水动力场对污水有较强的稀释、扩散作用.利用苏北海域的水动力条件及物质输运规律科学地排入污水,充分发挥其自净能力,既可改善海域内水污染状况,促进当地经济的发展,又可节省相应的污水治理费用.因此,探讨该海域的水动力变化特征及污水稀释扩散规律是必要的.     

与南沙深水区温跃层有关的海水平均温度的分布特征

在确定温跃层三要素 (深度 (上界深度 )、厚度和强度 )及测站温度垂直最大梯度的基础上 ,分别计算了南沙深水测站 (水深大于 1 0 0 0m)在温跃层上界深度层范围内的平均温度、在温跃层下界深度以下自 3 0 0m层至 80 0m层之间的平均温度。分析表明 ,在温跃层上界深度范围内 ,海水平均温度的水平分布明显显示出低温海水自南沙的西北部向东南部缓慢推进之势 ,似是东北季风驱动的结果。温度垂直梯度越大 ,它在垂直方向上阻碍上层海水的热量往深层扩散的能力就越强。     

三门湾海域污染物扩散数值研究

本文基于Delft3D建立了二维水动力数值模型和污染物输运扩散模型,分析了三门湾海域的三种主要污染物即化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的输运扩散规律。水动力计算结果与实测结果基本吻合,能够较好重构三门湾海域的水动力环境特征。根据物质输运特征,将三门湾划分为7个动力单元,即健跳-浦坝、海游-蛇蟠南、青山、沥洋、乐井洋-石浦、混合区域、口门区域。Lagrange运动轨迹表明,各动力单元的物质输运基本控制在本单元范围内;污染物整体浓度分布符合湾顶较高、养殖区附近较高、混合区与口门区附近较低的特征;各污染因子中,相同水域的TN浓度最大,COD浓度稍小,而TP浓度则小于前两者约一个量级;落潮时,浓度等值线移向湾口,各单元区块污染物分布范围较涨潮时扩大,其中沥洋单元、青山单元和乐井洋单元的变化最显著;各污染因子中COD的变化最为明显,TN次之,TP的变化最小。