The importance of wave-tide-surge interaction to coastal material transport and diffusion

This study is to combine a coastal high-resolution (2′×2′) two-way coupled wave-tide-surge numerical model (including 3 main physical mechanisms) with a material transport/diffusion model for understanding the law of material transport/diffusion. Results show that the law of material trans- port/diffusion driven by background current field simulated by the coupled wave-tide-surge model is dif- ferent from that simulated by pure tide-surge, and more different from traditional ones driven by tidal current. The coupled background current should be taken into account for the simulation.     

联合机制下黏土垫层多离子扩散模型

扩散是工程领域中的一种重要现象,尤其是针对填埋场底部的压实黏土垫层。扩散过程受多种因素影响,如离子种类、离子价态和离子浓度等,因此建立准确的扩散模型对填埋场垫层系统设计和评估具有极其重要的意义。引入简化的Guntelberg活度系数表示真实溶液与理想溶液浓度值的偏差,采用化学势和扩散势共同表征多离子扩散的驱动力,并考虑黏土介质特有的半透膜性能对离子扩散规律的影响,建立了复杂机制联合作用下多组分并存时离子在黏土垫层中的扩散模型。采用多物理场仿真软件COMSOL Multiphysics对所建扩散模型进行数值求解,结果表明,黏土半透膜效应、溶液非理想性和扩散势均显著影响多离子扩散行为,考虑黏土半透膜效应及溶液非理想性条件下,多离子扩散进程明显减缓,考虑扩散势时,阳离子扩散速度显著提高。复杂机制联合作用下,多离子扩散规律并非单一影响机制的简单叠加,各机制之间相互制约共同影响多离子扩散行为。     

中尺度涡旋混合参数空间变化对物理场以及CFC-11模拟的影响

本文选用中国科学院大气物理研究所全球海洋模式(LICOM),对中尺度涡旋参数化方案(GM90方案)中等密度扩散系数和等密度面厚度扩散系数(统称为涡旋扩散系数A_ρ)对物理场及CFC-11(一氟三氯甲烷)分布的影响进行了研究。本文做了两个试验,即涡旋扩散系数采用常系数方式(对照试验)和采用在非绝热层以下A_ρ随海洋浮力频率垂直变化的参数化方案(浮力试验)。模拟结果表明,依浮力频率垂直变化的方案对模式物理场的模拟能力有一定程度的提升,如南极绕极流的输送强度比常系数方案增大了约20%~30%,与观测事实更接近;浮力试验对对照试验中过强的南极中层水有一定的削弱作用,使得模式对南大洋高纬次表层位密度的模拟有一定的改善。稍有不足的是,浮力试验对南极底层水也有一定的削弱,使得2000~3000 m深度位密度模拟较常系数方案偏低。通过对CFC-11分布、存储以及输送的研究发现,次网格参数取值的不同对南大洋CFC-11模拟情况有较大影响。浮力试验加大了南北高纬CFC-11海表的吸收通量,对南极大陆周边海域向南大洋主储藏区(34°S~60°S)的CFC-11输送能力有一定的增强,使得南大洋对CFC-11储藏量增大,大部分海区与观测资料更接近。通过CFC-11断面分析,浮力试验对南大洋上层海洋位密度模拟的改善使得CFC-11垂直结构与观测更接近。     

Eddy viscosity and turbulent Schmidt number by kink-type instabilities of toroidal magnetic fields

The potential of the non-axisymmetric magnetic instability to transport angular momentum and to mix chemicals is probed considering the stability of a nearly uniform toroidal field between conducting cylinders with different rotation rates. The fluid between the cylinders is assumed as incompressible and to be of uniform density. With a linear theory, the neutral-stability maps for   m = 1  are computed. Rigid rotation must be sub-Alfvénic to allow instability, while for differential rotation also an unstable domain with faster rotation exists [azimuthal magnetorotational instability (AMRI)]. The rotational quenching of the magnetic instability is strongest for magnetic Prandtl number of the order of unity.
The effective angular momentum transport by the instability is directed outwards for subrotation. The resulting magnetic-induced eddy viscosity exceeds the microscopic values by factors of 10–100. This is only true for AMRI; in the opposite case of Tayler instability, the viscosity results are very small.
The same instability also quenches concentration gradients of chemicals by dynamic fluctuations. The corresponding diffusion coefficient always remains smaller than the magnetic-generated eddy viscosity. A Schmidt number of the order of 30 is found as the ratio of the effective viscosity and the diffusion coefficient. For not too strong magnetic fields in the radiation zone of young solar-type stars, the magnetic instability transports much more angular momentum than that it mixes chemicals.     

A semi-analytical solution for the three-dimensional advection–diffusion equation considering non-local turbulence closure

Atmospheric air pollution turbulent fluxes can be assumed to be proportional to the mean concentration gradient. This assumption, along with the equation of continuity, leads to the advection–diffusion equation. Moreover, large eddies are able to mix scalar quantities in a manner that is counter to the local gradient. In this work we present a semi-analytical solution for the three-dimensional steady-state advection–diffusion equation, considering non-local turbulence closure using the Generalized Integral Advection Diffusion Multilayer Technique (GIADMT). We report some examples of applications of the new solution for two different datasets and for a water tank experiment.     

大气扩散模型在气象应急保障中的应用

根据2008年11月12日广州市气象局在从化市举行的气象应急保障演习,利用气体扩散模型和事故现场气象参数,对污染事故的环境影响进行评估,为发生有毒有害化学品泄漏或爆炸期间气象应急保障提供技术支持,以便采取有效的措施,令污染事故对周围环境的影响和人员的伤亡降至最低。     

城市建筑物动力冠层方案的引入及应用研究

文中将建筑物动力冠层方案引入到城市边界层精细模式中,该方案描叙了城市地Ⅸ建筑物对气流的拖曳作用以及建筑物形态对城市地区湍流活动动量输送的影响.采用建筑物拖曳法和建筑物动力冠层方案两种不同建筑物动力学处理方法对北京地区东南部进行模拟,通过城市地区水平风速的模拟结果与自动气象站实测资料对比发现模拟结果与实测相当吻合,建筑物动力冠层方案的引入能够更好地实施对城市地区的水平风速分布的数值模拟.分别采用建筑物拖曳法与建筑物动力冠层方案对一个实际小规模城市进行模拟试验,分析表明引入建筑物动力冠层方案可以模拟出小规模城市地区水平风速偏低的现象;还可以模拟出城市地区建筑物动力作用对湍流活动的影响;对湍流动能模拟结果表明比较符合实际分布情形.采用建筑物动力冠层方案对小规模城市地区建筑物高度变化对城市地区的流场及湍流活动的影响进行模拟分析,结果表明:城市地区建筑物高度增加,风速变小,但是高大建筑物底部风速略高于低矮建筑物底部;城市地区大气湍能增加,高大建筑物底部湍能较小,冠层高度内湍能随高度增加而增加;同时城市地Ⅸ的垂直扩散系数也随建筑物高度增加而增加;城市地区污染物排放高度处污染物浓度较低,下游乡村地区地面污染物浓度较低,但高空污染物浓度却较高.     

~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar热年代学现状与问题

Ar同位素体系定年矿物的封闭温度范围广,并且可以获得650℃～150℃温度段的非线性冷却历史,因此~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar热年代学成为研究地质体热演化历史过程中最有效的工具之一。但是由于矿物中Ar同位素扩散机制还有一些问题没有清楚地被认识,因此在一定程度上制约了~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar热年代学的发展。本文介绍了目前应用最广泛的两种~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar热年代学模式:多重扩散域模式和多路径扩散模式,讨论了它们的发展现状、存在的问题、可能解决的方法以及今后的发展方向。     

Comparison between the Gauss’ law method and the zero current method to calculate multi-species ionic diffusion in saturated uncharged porous materials

A novel numerical method based on the finite element approach is established for the zero current method approach for calculating multi-species ionic diffusion. The proposed numerical method uses the direct calculation of the coupled set of equations in favor of the staggering approach. A one-step truly implicit time stepping scheme is adopted together with an implementation of a modified Newton–Raphson iteration scheme for search of equilibrium at each considered time step calculation. Results from the zero current case are compared with existing results from the solutions of the more general Gauss’ law method.